in practice, foundations are settled on the soft layers of soil, so the ground must be designed as well as the structure. wave propagation and hysteresis damping of soil layers may alter the seismic response of flexible-base design in comparison to controversial fixed-base. lots of uncertainties about this issue, necessitate most of seismic design standards including iranian standard no. 2800 t...

Embedded Column Base (ECB) connections in seismically resistant steel moment frames are commonly designed to be stronger than the connected column, protect them from inelastic actions. This relies on estimation of demands induced by column and strength capacity themselves. However, recent research indicates that prevalent approaches may unconservative for both demand estimation, with consequenc...