605 The earliest description of calcific aortic stenosis is attributed to the French physician Lazare Rivière who, in 1663, reported the necropsy findings from a patient with palpitations, progressive dyspnea, and loss of peripheral pulses. He noted left ventricular enlargement and identified large caruncle-like masses obstructing the left ventricular outflow to the aorta. Although other report...

18F-FDG is formed through radiochemical synthesis from cyclotron-produced 18F (K. Breslow, written communication, June 2000). Production of 18F is through proton bombardment of enriched 18O-water. 18F-fluoride is bound to 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-O-trifluoromethanesulfonyl-Dmannopyranose (mannose triflate) under conditions of a stereospecific second-order nucleophilic substitution reaction, whi...

t t t linician scientists are rare and surgical clinician scientists re even rarer. The number of MDs (compared with MD/PhDs nd PhDs) as first-time applicants for National Institutes of ealth (NIH) research project grant support has plummeted. If his progression continues, there will be no first-time MD pplicants [1]. This trend is ongoing in the midst of a biotechology revolution in which the ...

Cardiac arrhythmias are a major epidemiological and public health problem and contribute significantly to sudden cardiac death, heart failure, stroke, suffering, debilitation, and healthcare expenses. In the United States alone, sudden cardiac death is estimated to kill 250 000 to 400 000 people annually.1 Most sudden death is due to cardiac arrhythmias,2 with ventricular tachycardia and fibril...

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent, disabling disorder of the joints that affects a large population worldwide and for which there is no definitive cure. This review provides critical insights into the basic knowledge on OA that may lead to innovative end efficient new therapeutic regimens. While degradation of the articular cartilage is the hallmark of OA, with altered interactions between cho...

Department of Endocrinology, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600113, Department of Biochemistry, Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai 600025 and Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India. Present address: Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary...

Xiang-Yu Zheng1,2, Hong-Liang Zhang1,2, Yang Ruan3, Naheed Amir4, Sheikh Azimullah3, Yi Yang1, Abdu Adem3 and Jie Zhu1,2* 1 Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, China 2 Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden 3 Department of Pathology , College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, China 4 Department of Pharmacology, United Arab Emirates Unive...