Electricity is paramount to the technical world and plays an increasingly important role as a future energy carrier. Yet, it not widely used directly power biological systems. Here, we designed new-to-nature electrobiological module, acid/aldehyde ATP cycle (AAA cycle), for direct conversion of electrical into ATP. The AAA contains minimum set enzymes does require membrane-based charge separati...

Electron mediation between NAD-dependent enzymes using quinone moieties typically requires the use of a diaphorase as an intermediary enzyme. The ability for a naphthoquinone redox polymer to independently oxidize enzymatically-generated NADH is demonstrated for application to glucose/O2 enzymatic fuel cells.

We have proposed a novel free-standing nitrogen-doped carbon nanospheres@carbon nanofibers (NCNSs@CNFs) composite film with high processability for the investigation of the direct electron transfer (DET) of glucose oxidase (GOx) and the DET-based glucose biosensing. The composites were simply prepared by controlled thermal treatment of electrospun polypyrrole nanospheres doped polyacrylonitrile...