The Integrating Sphere Integrating Nephelometer is a novel and unique reciprocal nephelometer that uses an integrating sphere with attached truncation-reduction tubes to contain the sample volume and to integrate the scattered light. Its main advantage compared with current integrating nephelometers is a sevenfold reduction in truncation angle, which reduces errors in measured scattering from l...

Ripples in the confining field may exert a torque on a rotating plasma. Time reversal symmetry implies that this torque should vanish for an ideal plasma. However, even in an apparently ideal plasma, singularities can give rise to a nonzero torque. This torque is evaluated for a simple configuration. Although the primary force is magnetic, an essential contribution arises from other nonlinear t...

skin grafting always has been considered a challenging task for the researchers and tissue engineers from its first introduction in 1871 by reverdin. skin substitutes, composed of degradable synthetic or biological components, are being considered as emergency replacements/grafts to the damaged skin. a number of technical developments in this filed have led to development of several skin substi...

‎let $i$ denote an ideal of a noetherian ring $r$‎. ‎the purpose of‎ ‎this article is to introduce the concepts of quintasymptotic‎ ‎sequences over $i$ and quintasymptotic cograde of $i$‎, ‎and to show that they play a role analogous to quintessential sequences‎ ‎over $i$ and quintessential cograde of $i$‎. ‎we show that‎, ‎if $r$ is‎ ‎local‎, ‎then the quintasymptotic cograde of $i$ is una...

In the present paper, we consider a topological space equipped with an ideal, a theme that has been treated by Vaidyanathaswamy [15] and Kuratowski [6] in their classical texts. An ideal on a set X is a nonempty subset of P(X), the power set of X , which is closed for subsets and finite unions. An ideal is also called a dual filter. {φ} and P(X) are trivial examples of ideals. Some useful ideal...

A minimum depth is assigned to a ring homomorphism and a bimodule over its codomain. When the homomorphism is an inclusion and the bimodule is the codomain, the recent notion of depth of a subring in a paper by Boltje-Danz-Külshammer is recovered . Subring depth below an ideal gives a lower bound for BDK’s subring depth of a group algebra pair or a semisimple complex algebra pair.

Let $X$ be a $BCH$-algebra and $I$ be an ideal of $X$. In this paper, we introduce the concept of $sqrt{I}$. We show that it is an ideal of $X$, when $I$ is closed ideal of $X$. Then we verify some useful properties of it. We prove that it is the ::::union:::: of all $k-$nil ideals of $I$. Moreover, if $I$ is a closed ideal of $X$, then $sqrt{I}$ is a closed translation ideal and so we can cons...

Coarse Particles and Dust Storm Mortality In a paper titled "Episodes of High Coarse Partide Concentrations Are Not Associated with Increased Mortality," Schwartz et al. (1) concluded that "coarse particles from windblown dust are not associated with mortality risk." The authors seem to have overlooked the medical literature on the health effects of the historic U.S. dust storms of the dust bow...