With disease progression, avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head may lead to a collapse of the articular surface. The exact pathophysiology of AVN remains unclear, although several conditions are known that can result in spontaneous cell death, leading to a reduction of trabecular bone and the development of AVN. Hip AVN treatment is stage-dependent in which two main stages of the disease...

Cartilage injury is a leading cause of functional disability and pain. A number of techniques of cartilage repair are available, with variable outcomes expected, depending on the method used and the characteristic of the cartilage lesion. Cartilage restoration treatments should ideally provide durable repair tissue for a wide range of lesion sizes and types. Advanced cell-based therapies, such ...

The subchondral bone is a critical part of the osteochondral unit, providing nutrients to overlying articular cartilage, thereby maintaining viability chondral tissue. also provides firm mechanical support assist with stability cartilage and distribution stress. Subchondral pathology, diagnosed as marrow lesion (BML) on magnetic resonance imaging, may be seen in variety pathologic conditions, i...

Objectives: Orthobiologic therapies have recently gained popularity in orthopaedic surgery as potential treatment options that can be used to manage the symptoms of musculoskeletal conditions. However, market for these products remains unregulated by Food and Drug Administration (FDA), giving rise a wide range available yet untested products. There are growing concerns related patient safety pr...

Osteoarthritis in the setting of varus deformity can be difficult to treat in young and middle aged patients. Treatment options typically include arthroplasty versus joint preservation techniques. In young and middle aged patients, unicompartmental or total knee arthroplasty is often considered a less desirable treatment option due to the increased likelihood of requiring revision arthroplasty ...

The Energy efficient being the main constraint for wireless sensor networks (WSN) became an important area of interest for various researches in WSN. A lot of work on conservation power consumption at a different layer of protocols is present till date, of which energy conservation at a Medium access control (MAC) layer is catching a lot of attention. Generally, The energy consumption it is a m...