background: because of the ability of proliferation, regeneration, conversion to differentiated cells and tissue producing, stem cell therapy has important clinical implications for treatment of different diseases. in this chapter we discuss different kinds of stem cells that have been used in treatment of neurologic diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, heart diseases, bone disease, kidney dise...

osteoporosis is a skeletal disease characterized by reduction in bone mass and micro architectural changes in the bone, which leads to increased bone fragility. the gold standard for the diagnosis of osteoporosis is the measurement of bone mineral density (bmd) by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (dxa). periodontal disease is a chronic destructive disease which can occur in adults, young people...

Periodontitis and other bone loss diseases, decreasing bone volume and strength, have a significant impact on millions of people with the risk of tooth loss and bone fracture. The integrity and strength of bone are maintained through the balance between bone resorption and bone formation by osteoclasts and osteoblasts, respectively, so the loss of bone results from the disruption of such balanc...

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs)/Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) signaling has recently been found to play very important roles in bone development and diseases. Missense mutations in several FGFs and FGFRs were found in human to cause a variety of congenital bone diseases including chondrodysplasia syndromes, craniosynostosis syndromes, and syndromes with dysregulated phosphate meta...