Introduction: Circumcision in children can be done with local anesthesia. Indifferent from other surgeries, circumcision certainly has its own risks dan complications. Case description: A 5-month-old baby who underwent anesthesia was reportedly losing consciousness intraoperatively, followed by a generalized seizure. No previous medical abnormalities were known. It thought that breath-holding s...

Exercise and breath holding in the water such as that performed in the sport of synchronized swimming may evoke the physiological consequences of the diving response. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological responses of breath holding during underwater arm cranking in synchronized swimmers who are trained in breath holding and compare these responses to untrained women. E...

Background Breath-holding spells (BHS) are brief periods when young children stop breathing for up to 1 minute and are widely recognized types of non-epileptic severe occasions in early stages of childhood. This study aimed to evaluate QTd and QTc changes in children with breath-holding spells compared with healthy children. <stron...

1. Block of the phrenic nerves in three normal subjects, produced by injection of lignocaine in the neck, caused alleviation of the thoracic sensation during breath holding and prolonged breath-holding time. 2. Injection of lignocaine in the neck without nerve block had no effect on breath holding sensation or breath-holding time. 3. A patient with a spinal-cord transection at the third cervica...

Breath-holding spells are episodes of brief, involuntary cessations of breathing that occur in children in response to stimuli such as fear or injury. They are usually benign, and although very rarely, breath-holding spells accompany deteriorative neurological diseases. Here, we present two patients having infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy and breath-holding spells. Presence of the common respira...