Abstract This article aims to study the tactical role of rivers in early Chinese warfare. Rivers or, broadly speaking, waterways served not only as defensive barriers and offensive weapons but also for logistical purposes, which was particularly crucial military campaigns regions Central South China with their abundant river networks. Furthermore, this analyzes a few cases shore-based river-cro...

The cultural background in language teaching has, for a number of reasons, recently moved to the foreground. Broadly speaking, there has been a shift in emphasis in course design from a pre-occupation with form to an interest in content. This article describes the results of a survey designed to elicit the views of students on what language teaching should be about. 400 students learning Englis...

Although the importance of vocabulary training in English speaking countries is well recognized and has been extensively studied, the same is not true for Spanish-few evidence based vocabulary studies for Spanish-speaking children have been reported. Here, two rich oral vocabulary training programs (definition and context), based on literature about vocabulary instruction for English-speaking c...

The present study investigated the factor structure of a field trial sample of the Test of English as a Foreign LanguageTM Internet-based test (TOEFL iBT). An item-level confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted for a polychoric correlation matrix of items on a test form completed by 2,720 participants in the 2003–2004 TOEFL iBT Field Study. CFA-based multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) analys...

Technology has always flourished for the gain of mankind. Broadly speaking, all cellular phones, laptops and computers belong to technological devices. Thus, students used these devices learning. This quantitative inquiry investigated use its relationship their academic performance. Hence, a researcher-made questionnaire was utilized answer descriptive inferential questions. It found out that t...

Objective The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between country level egalitarian values (broadly speaking emancipatory values/structural gender equality) and sexual behavior among youth. Methods: Comparative individual data on activity condom use were collected from Global School-based Student Health Survey, resulting in a final sample 23 countries, analyzed utilizing multil...

in his seminal book on the historical periods of western attitudes toward death, philippe aries describes four consecutive periods through which these attitudes evolved and transformed. according to him, the historical attitudes of western cultures have passed through four major parts described above: “tamed death,” one’s own death,” “thy death,” and “forbidden death.” this paper, after explori...

This paper studies the Laplacian spectrum and average effective resistance of (large) graphs that are sampled from graphons. Broadly speaking, our main finding is eigenvalues a large dense graph can be effectively approximated by using degree function corresponding graphon. More specifically, we show how to approximate distribution (Kirchhoff index) graph. For all cases, provide explicit bounds...

The main purpose of this article is to develop a novel refinement strategy for four-dimensional hybrid meshes based on cubic pyramids. This optimal subdivides given pyramid into conforming set congruent pyramids and invariant bipentatopes. theoretical properties the are rigorously analyzed evaluated. In addition, new class fully symmetric quadrature rules with positive weights generated pyramid...