To simulate the interaction of buried defects and absorber features in EUV masks, a full three-dimensional, fast, integrated, simulator based on ray tracing and a thin mask model is presented. This simulator allows rapid assessment of the effects of buried defects on EUV printing. This new simulator, RADICAL (Rapid Absorber Defect Interaction Computation for Advanced Lithography), gives a 450X ...

Ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) is a powerful tool to study the electronic spin and symmetry features at both surfaces and interfaces to ultrathin top layers. However, the very low mean free path of the photoelectrons usually prevents a direct access to the properties of buried interfaces. The latter are of particular interest since they crucially influence the performance of spint...

The capability of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) systems of accurately reconstructing the geometrical features of buried objects when working in critical conditions is investigated. A customized microwave tomographic approach is used to tackle the imaging through the processing of comparative experimental and synthetic GPR data. The first ones have been gathered in laboratory controlled conditi...

Introduction: Mare ridge ring structures (MRRSs) are deformed surface features and have long been studied on the floors of the maria since the early exploration of the Moon [1, 2, 3]. They are ridge segments having the form of rings (circular, elliptical or irregular in shape) with the size varing from 1-2 km to over 80 km in diameter [1]. The analogical structures were also found in the northe...

The use of low-frequency sonars (2-15 kHz) is explored to better exploit scattering features of buried targets that can contribute to their detection and classification. Compared to conventional mine countermeasure sonars, sound penetrates better into the sediment at these frequencies, and the excitation of structural waves in the targets is enhanced. The main contributions to target echo are t...

This paper applies a 3-D nonuniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT) migration method to image both free-space and buried targets from data collected by a ultra-wideband ground penetrating radar (GPR) system. The method incorporates the NUFFT algorithm into 3-D phase shift migration to evaluate the inverse Fourier transform more accurately and more efficiently than the conventional migration meth...

Adhesion is important in many industrial applications including those in the microelectronics industry. Flip-chip assemblies commonly utilize epoxy underfills to promote reliability and the buried interfacial structure of underfills is crucial to device lifetime. Poor adhesion at this interface can cause premature device failure. One method to increase adhesion strength is to plasma treat the s...

To simulate the interaction of buried defects and absorber features in EUV masks and their effects on projection printing, a prototype 2D, fast, integrated, simulator based on ray tracing and a thin mask model is presented. RADICAL (Rapid Absorber Defect Interaction Computation for Advanced Lithography), consists of three sequential steps: the propagation of the mask illumination down through t...

An artificial charge pair buried in the hydrophobic core of staphylococcal nuclease was engineered by making the V23E and L36K substitutions. Buried individually, Glu-23 and Lys-36 both titrate with pKa values near 7. When buried together their pKa values appear to be normal. The ionizable moieties of the buried Glu-Lys pair are 2.6 Å apart. The interaction between them at pH 7 is worth 5 kcal/...

Good feature selection method is an essential step in a classification system. That is especially true for detection systems that have to deal with low signal-to-noise ratio, and varying background conditions, which is the case for landmine detection systems. Proposed method analyzes spectrum of a signal collected from the microphone placed inside the deminers prodder and extracts set of featur...