Previous studies with cystinuric dogs and humans have demonstrated that the amount of cystine excreted in the urine is, in some cases, larger than the amount of cystine removed from the plasma by glomerular filtration. It was concluded that the kidney must secrete cystine into the renal tubule. The present studies indicate that renal glutathione turnover constitutes a mechanism of cystine secre...

To understand how traits used in animal communication evolved and are maintained as honest signals, we need to understand the mechanisms that prevent cheating. It has been proposed that honest signaling is guaranteed by the costs associated with the signal expression. However, the nature of these costs is still under debate. Melanin-based signals are intriguing because their expression seems to...

Long BGO (Bi4Ge3O12) and BSO (Bi4Si3O12) crystals coupled with silicon photodiodes have been used to detect minimumionizing particles(MIP). With a low noise amplifier customized for this purpose, the crystals can detect MIPs with an excellent signalto-noise ratio. The nuclear counter effect is also clearly observed and measured. Effect of full and partial wrapping of a reflector around the crys...