the decentralized structure of the arsacid empire brought both positive and negative consequences to the country. despite all confusions, this particular political trend helped ancient and local traditions to grow and flourish. at this time pars although has been isolated but played an important role to guard and respect the basic ideologies of the past achaemenids. persis kings’ coins minted f...

There is a range of evidence that informs us about the organisation of the Achaemenid Empire, but our understanding ofthe eastern-most reaches of the empire, which lie within the bounds of modern-day Pakistan is relatively limited. Whilethere is evidence for the eastern provinces in imperial art and references to them in Achaemenid Royal inscriptions, thearchaeological record in the subcontinen...

Nations have historically sought power and prosperity through control of physical space. In recent decades, however, this has largely ceased. Most states that could do so appear relucant, while the weak cannot expand. This article presents a theory of imperialism and decolonization that explains both historic cycles of expansion and decline and the collective demise of the urge to colonize. Tec...

The author of this article considers specific character of Silla policy during the war between Chinese Empire Tang and Bohai – northern neighbor of the Korean state. This war is known to be important for the East Asian region, as it changed the political situation in the medieval Far East. Both sides used military contingents from allies and vassals. These facts prove the war had a great scale....

A comprehensive framework is developed and applied to estimate the economic costs incurred by the Soviet Union in acquiring, maintaining, and expanding its empire. The terms "empire" and "costs" are explicitly defined. Between 1971 and 1980, the average ratio between empire costs and Soviet gross national product was about 3.5 percent; as a ratio to Soviet military spending, empire costs averag...

Nowadays, auction is a popular sales mechanism that used for wide range of and the various purposes, from works art to real estate, food clothing hobby products. This mechanism, which includes sale goods buyer who gives highest bidder, also defined by different terms such as open bidding vendue etc. The practice, has been seen in this way since ancient times, was early modern period Ottoman wor...