Background and aims – Pollination systems often reflect adaptations to specific groups of pollinators, these morphological specialisations have been important in the diversification angiosperms. Here, we study evolution capitulum pollination system pantropical genus Parkia, which comprises 35 species trees distributed largely forests South Central America, Africa, Madagascar, Indo-Pacific. The ...

High-elevation ecosystems are traditionally viewed as environments in which predominantly autogamous breeding systems should be selected because of the limited pollinator availability. Chaetanthera renifolia (Asteraceae) is an endemic monocarpic triennial herb restricted to a narrow altitudinal range within the high Andes of central Chile (3300-3500 m a.s.l.), just below the vegetation limit. T...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Asymmetric warming is one of the distinguishing features of global climate change, in which winter and night-time temperatures are predicted to increase more than summer and diurnal temperatures. Winter warming weakens vernalization and hence decreases the potential to flower for some perennial herbs, and night warming can reduce carbohydrate concentrations in storage organs...

Female Male Characters Holotype Paratypes Paratypes n – 15 3 L 634 617.5 ± 54.5 (529–712) 453 ± 71.6 (395–533) a 33.4 33.1 ± 1.8 (30.3–36.6) 28.8 ± 2.3 (26.9–31.4) b 11.1 9.8 ± 1.1 (8.4–12.6) 8.3 ± 0.6 (7.6–8.8) b’ 5.1 4 ± 0.6 (2.8–5.1) 3.4± 0.4 (3.0–3.8) c 6.3 – 8.4 ± 1.1 (7.6–9.6) c’ 14.3 – 5.2 ± 1.3 (4.3–6.7) V or T 66.9 70.6 ± 5.8 (64.2–87.5) 27.8 ± 4.4 (22.9–31.3) Lip region height 3 3.3 ±...