Phosphorus (P) from biomass can cause operational problems in thermal conversion processes. In order to explore the release mechanism of P gas phase, carbothermic reduction meta-, pyro-, and orthophosphates ash elements commonly found biomass; sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium was investigated. Mixtures each phosphate activated carbon were heated 1135 °C a laboratory-scale reactor, with CO ...

The difference in the standard Gibbs free energy for the formation of any two oxides or sulfides is the chemical potential for selective reduction of metals from complex minerals. The magnitude of the Gibbs free energy difference is shown by plotting the univariant relationships for relevant sulfides and oxides. In this investigation, three examples of mineral sulfides are considered, and the e...