ACCORDING to Kettesy (1948), non-cicatricial or senile entropion is the direct result of a migration and accumulation of orbicularis fibres at the lid margin. The contraction of the orbicularis which follows causes excessive pressure on the upper margin of the eyelid, the mechanics of the lid musculature are altered, and entropion results. As stated by Kettesy (1948): "The normal distribution o...

AIM To determine the stimulation site of both facial and hypoglossal nerves after transcranial magnetic stimulation. METHODS After surgical exposure of the brainstem in 22 patients with intrinsic pontine (n=9) or medullary (n=13) tumors, the facial colliculus and the hypoglossal triangle were electrically stimulated. The EMG responses were recorded with flexible wire electrodes from the orbic...

The distribution of human corticobulbar motor excitatory and inhibitory output is not fully understood. In particular, it is unclear whether the pattern of innervation is the same for upper and lower facial muscles, and what is the motor cortical area giving rise to such innervation. We used electrodes implanted in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in patients with Parkinson's disease to activate m...

The anatomy of the midcheek has not been satisfactorily described to adequately explain midcheek aging and malar mounds, nor has it suggested a logical approach to their correction or provided sufficient detail for safe surgery in this area. This cadaver study, which was complemented by many operative dissections, located a missing link: a glide plane space overlying the body of the zygoma. The...

BACKGROUND In most publications about myasthenia, monitoring neuromuscular blockade during anesthesia is recommended. In healthy patients, the relation of blockade between muscles has been established, but there is little information about the relation in myasthenic patients. Our objective was to investigate whether the relation between the orbicularis oculi and adductor pollicis muscles is the...

We have studied the pattern of blood flow and pharmacodynamic profile of mivacurium-induced block at the adductor pollicis and orbicularis oculi muscles. We studied 30 adult patients anaesthetized with fentanyl, thiopentone, nitrous oxide-isoflurane, and mivacurium 0.2 mg kg-1. Neuromuscular transmission was monitored with accelerometry (TOF Guard, Biometer, Denmark). Blood flow was measured at...

Specimens belonging to the genus Carex sect. Ammoglochin from W Azarbaijan province (W Iran) were studied and Carex iraqensis and C. disticha are reported for the first time from Iran. These species are characterised and illustrated and a determination key for species of sect. Ammoglochin is presented. Taxonomic relationships and distributions are discussed in the Persian text which is also sum...