Articular and growth plate cartilage both arise from condensations of mesenchymal cells, but ultimately develop important histological and functional differences. Each is composed of three layers-the superficial, mid and deep zones of articular cartilage and the resting, proliferative and hypertrophic zones of growth plate cartilage. The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) system plays an importan...

Introduction Research in regenerative medicine is developing at a significantly quick pace. Cell-based cartilage implant is an evolving therapy aiming at the treatment of patients who suffer from cartilage-related disorders. Mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) possess high proliferative potential and can differentiate into several mesenchymal lineages, including bone, cartilage, fat, tendon, an...

Various cell types have been investigated as candidate cell sources for cartilage and bone tissue engineering. In this review, we focused on chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of mouse and human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and their potential in cartilage and bone tissue engineering. A decade ago, mouse ESCs were first used as a model to study cartilage and bone development and essenti...

Cartilage repair tissue is usually accompanied by chondrocyte hypertrophy and osseous overgrowths, and a role for parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in inhibiting chondrocytes from hypertrophic differentiation during the process of endochondral ossification has been demonstrated. However, application of PTHrP in cartilage repair has not been extensively considered. This review systemic...

OBJECTIVES Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating disease affecting more than 4 million people in the United Kingdom. Despite its prevalence, there is no successful cell-based therapy currently used to treat patients whose cartilage is deemed irrecoverable. The present study aimed to isolate stem cells from tibial plateaux cartilage obtained from patients who underwent total knee replacements fo...

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), which also called mesenchymal stromal cells, are multipotent stem cell. Human MSCs typically are positive for the surface markers CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD106, and also negative for hematopoietic markers CD34 and CD45.These cells can be isolated from postnatal bone marrow, adipose tissue, placenta, and scalp tissue, as well as from various fetal tissues. ...

In the avian embryo ectomesenchyme cells, derived from the mesencephalic level of the cranial neural crest, migrate into the presumptive maxillary region and subsequently differentiate into the membrane bones and associated secondary cartilage of the upper jaw skeleton. The cartilage arises secondarily within the periosteum at points of articulation between membrane bones and provides an embryo...

The tendon-bone interface (enthesis) is a highly sophisticated biomaterial junction that allows stress transfer between mechanically dissimilar materials. The enthesis encounters very high mechanical demands and the regenerative capacity is very low resulting in high rupture recurrence rates after surgery. Tissue engineering offers the potential to recover the functional integrity of entheses. ...

Cartilage engineering is a new strategy for the treatment of cartilage damage due to osteoarthritis or trauma in humans. Racehorses are exposed to the same type of cartilage damage and the anatomical, cellular, and biochemical properties of their cartilage are comparable to those of human cartilage, making the horse an excellent model for the development of cartilage engineering. Human mesenchy...

The Integrin β1 family is the major receptors of the Extracellular matrix (ECM), and the synthesis and degradation balance of ECM is seriously disrupted during Osteoarthritis (OA). In this scenario, integrins modify their pattern expression and regulate chondrocyte differentiation in the articular cartilage. Members of the Transforming growth factor beta (Tgf-β) Superfamily, such as Growth diff...