Sharks possess the four canonical T-cell receptor (TCR) chains known from other vertebrates: α, β, γ, and δ. The loci encoding these chains employ recombination-activating gene (RAG)mediated somatic cell V(D)J rearrangement mechanisms for diverse repertoires. Sharks have some additional immunogenetic TCR capacity, including the doubly rearranging NAR-TCR δ, somatic hypermutation, and trans-rear...

Background: Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are the main sensors of pathogen and danger signals in innate immunity of which Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) are the most studied ones. The contribution of PRRs in cerebral inflammation induced by microbial infection, tissue damage and cancer has not extensively been addressed so far. Glioma is the most common tumor of the central nervous system an...

Background: Male infertility refers to the inability of a male to achieve a pregnancy in a fertile female. The root of many causes of infertility is miscommunication between immune and reproductive system. Male reproductive system is very sensitive and vulnerable, infections can hinder maturation and movement of spermatozoa lead to impaired fertility.All species need an immediate reply to the m...

it has been shown that activated t-cells produce and release both il-2 and il- 2 receptors (ll-2r). the rate of il-2 release is proportional to its cell surface expression and state of cell activation. to clarify the molecular basis of this immunological aberration, we analysed the amount of soluble il-2r(sil2-r) by an elisa technique in 68 patients with behcet's disease (bd), 28 patient c...

Glioblastomas (GBMs), the most frequent and aggressive human primary brain tumours, have altered cell metabolism, one of strongest indicators malignancy is an increase in choline compounds. Choline also a selective agonist some neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes. As little known concerning expression nAChR glioblastoma cells, we analysed U87MG grade-IV astrocytoma line G...

Antigen presentation via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II receptors plays a fundamental role in T cell-mediated adaptive immunity. A dysregulation of this fine-tuned recognition might result the development autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel that are characterized by chronic relapsing inflammation intestinal tract damaged epithelial barrier. While MHCII usually ...

Stem/progenitor cell based therapeutic approach in our daily routine clinical practice, has been elusive dream in medical sciences and improvement of stem cell homing as one of major challenges in cell therapy programs, has been considered a promising milestone. It has been proved that stem/progenitor cells exhibit a homing response to injured tissues/organs, mediated by interactions of chemoki...

Introduction: The Cannabinoid receptors (CBR) densities are high within the cerebellum. Cannabinoid receptors manipulations have been reported to cause altering the cerebellar functions. harmaline have immune-modulatory effects in several studies. i.e., significant anti-inflammatory effect via the inhibition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Endocannabino...