Proteolysis of bovine serum albumin by trypsin.

Intense proteolysis of cytoskeletal proteins occurs in brain within minutes of transient ischemia, possibly because of the activation of calcium-sensitive proteases (calpains). This proteolytic event precedes overt signs of neuronal degeneration, is most pronounced in regions of selective neuronal vulnerability, and could have significant consequences for the integrity of cellular function. The...

Stringent regulation of cellular levels of evolutionarily conserved centromeric histone H3 variant (CENP-A in humans, CID in flies, Cse4 in yeast) prevents its mislocalization to non-centromeric chromatin. Overexpression and mislocalization of CENP-A has been observed in cancers and leads to aneuploidy in yeast, flies, and human cells. Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of Cse4 by E3 ligases such a...

The cerebral microvasculature is important for maintaining brain homeostasis. This is achieved via the blood-brain barrier (BBB), composed of endothelial cells with specialized tight junctions, astrocytes, and a basement membrane (BM). Prominent components of the BM extracellular matrix (ECM) include fibronectin, laminin, collagen IV, and perlecan, all of which regulate cellular processes via s...

The ubiquitin (Ub)-binding protein Rad23 plays an important role in facilitating the transfer of substrates to the proteasome. However, the mechanism underlying Rad23's function in proteolysis remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Rad4, a Rad23-binding protein, also regulates ubiquitylated substrate turnover. Rad4 was known previously only as a key repair factor that directly recognizes DN...

Protein degradation mediated by ATP-dependent proteases, such as Hsp100/Clp and related AAA+ proteins, plays an important role in cellular protein homeostasis, protein quality control and the regulation of, e.g. heat shock adaptation and other cellular differentiation processes. ClpCP with its adaptor proteins and other related proteases, such as ClpXP or ClpEP of Bacillus subtilis, are involve...

The role of the serum proteolytic system plasminogen/plasminogen activator as a biochemical tool used by the glia or neurons, or both, for maintaining their temporary and flexible cellular interactions during histogenesis of the nervous system is under study. The present report identifies a glia cell type, the Schwann cell, as one of the cellular components of the nervous system that uses extra...

Abstract IL-9 is produced by Th9 cells and classically known as a growth-promoting cytokine. Although protumorigenic functions of are described in T cell lymphoma, recently, we others have reported anti-tumor activities melanoma mediated mast CD8+ cells. However, involvement invasive breast cervical cancer remains unexplored. In this study, demonstrate IL-9–dependent inhibition metastasis both ...

Protein degradation is a critical process for the growth and function of cells. Proteolysis eliminates abnormal proteins, controls many cellular regulatory processes, and supplies amino acids for cellular remodeling. When substrates of proteolytic pathways are poorly recognized or there is mistiming of proteolysis, profound changes in cell function can occur. Based on these potential problems, ...