In the search for a renewable energy source that could replace petroleum and other nonrenewable energy sources, pyrolysis of biomass is a hopeful alternative and pretreatment could further improve its potential. There are several possible routes for pretreating lignocellulosic biomass, but many need further refining before becoming economical. The main obstacle for the conversion of biomass to ...

Sago (Metroxylon sagu) pulp is a common agricultural product; however, its (from the main plant part and bark) finds no essential use considered waste. In this study, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were isolated from bark of sago through bleaching, alkali treatment, acid hydrolysis. The hydrolysis was performed with 64% (w/w) sulfuric acid. A considerable yield obtained for extracted CNCs, 65.36...

The goal of this work is the preparation of monolayers of cellulose I nanocrystals providing flat crystalline cellulose surfaces. Suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals were prepared by hydrolyzing ramie and tunicin fibers with sulfuric acid. Due to surface grafted sulfate groups, the negatively charged, rod-like cellulose nanocrystals were found to form stable layers at the air-water interface ...

A comparison of laboratory spectra with Galileo data indicates that hydrated sulfuric acid is present and is a major component of Europa's surface. In addition, this moon's visually dark surface material, which spatially correlates with the sulfuric acid concentration, is identified as radiolytically altered sulfur polymers. Radiolysis of the surface by magnetospheric plasma bombardment continu...

Moderate loadings of cellulase enzyme supplemented with beta-glucosidase were applied to solids produced by ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX), ammonia recycle (ARP), controlled pH, dilute sulfuric acid, lime, and sulfur dioxide pretreatments to better understand factors that control glucose and xylose release following 24, 48, and 72 h of hydrolysis and define promising routes to reducing enzyme d...

Water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes ) is one of the potential feedstocks for bioethanol production due to their higher cellulose content. It needs optimization pretreatment remove lignin and release hemicellulose from lignocellulosic complex. Pretreatment was done using sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, calcium hypochlorite as soaking agents. Experiment carried out at 121 °C 15 minutes. with 1...

This paper applied a simple and cost-benefit method for the production of regenerated bacterial cellulose. The inexpensive production of cellulose with complex media derived from wastewater from food industries such as molasses adds a lot of contaminants to the produced bacterial cellulose, which puts a lot of challenges in cellulose purification. Therefore, the present study aimed...

Solid-supported catalysts enable the replacement of solutionbased catalytic chemical processes leading to facile separation of products from the reaction medium, fewer byproducts, lower energy consumption, and less environmental pollution. Recently, this catalytic method has received a lot of attention provided that it could apply to enhance the conversion of a variety of biopolymers into fuels...

Using a method of combined HNO(3)-KClO(3) treatment and sulfuric acid hydrolysis, bamboo cellulose crystals (BCCs) were prepared and used to reinforce glycerol plasticized starch. The structure and morphology of BCCs were investigated using X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and solid-state (13)C NMR. Results showed that BCCs were of typical cellulose I structure, and the morphology was de...