Introduction: Electronic cigarettes are battery-powered devices that allow users to inhale vapor produced by heating a liquid (e-liquid) containing nicotine and other substances. The first such were introduced in China 2003, subsequently approved for use the European Union 2006 United States 2007. number of e-cigarette is constantly growing, with largest increases observed 18-24 age group. Vari...

Introduction: Tobacco smoke is involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases in different body systems. Saliva is the first body fluid that confront inhaled cigarette smoke which is injurious to the oral cavity and is associated with several oral diseases and cancer. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of smoking on the activity of alpha-amylase in the saliva of healthy smoker...

We consider the likely revenue effect of an increase in the cigarette excise tax rate in West Virginia. We begin with a consideration of the existing literature on how US state cigarette excise tax policy affects cigarette consumption and cross-border cigarette shopping. Second, we examine 80 cigarette excise tax increases that have occurred in the US since 2000. There we find a wide range of r...

We estimated the price and income elasticity of cigarette demand and the impact of cigarette taxes on cigarette demand and cigarette tax revenue in Malaysia. The data on cigarette consumption, cigarette prices, and public policies between 1990 and 2004 were subjected to a time-series regression analysis applying the error-correction model. The preferred cigarette demand model specification resu...

background: because of the increasing usage of waterpipe globally, we need to know more about the diff erent factors related to waterpipe and cigarette smoking. th erefore, the present study aims at gaining more insight on waterpipe and cigarette smoking based on perceived parental reaction and appeal and repellent of smoking among adolescents. materials and methods: a cross-sectional survey en...

Cigarette butts are consistently the most collected items in litter clean-up efforts, which are a costly burden to local economies. In addition, tobacco waste may be detrimental to our natural environment. The tobacco industry has conducted or funded numerous studies on smokers' littering knowledge and behavior, however, non-industry sponsored research is rare. We sought to examine whether demo...

INTRODUCTION The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) among US adults has increased since 2007. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of direct marketing promotion of e-cigarettes and its association with e-cigarette use among US adults. METHODS We used using data from the 2013-2014 National Adult Tobacco Survey (NATS) to estimate prevalence of e-cigarette promo...

INTRODUCTION Although adolescent cigarette use continues to decline in the United States, electronic cigarette (e‑cigarette) use among adolescents has escalated rapidly. This study assessed trends and patterns of e‑cigarette use and concurrent cigarette smoking and the relationships between e-cigarette use and smoking cessation intentions and behaviors among high school students in North Caroli...

abstract  introduction: the use of illicit drugs is increasingly prevalent among young people in many countries. the adverse consequences of drug use by youth includes dependence, overdose, accidents, physical and psychological damage, and premature death. methods: this cross-sectional was conducted on men at least 15 years old in isfahan. data were collected using two questionnaires filled out...