Background: Recently, botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT)-derived recombinant proteins have been suggested as potential botulism vaccines. Here, with concentrating on BoNT type E (BoNT/E), we studied two of these binding domain-based recombinant proteins: a multivalent chimer protein, which is composed of BoNT serotypes A, B and E binding subdomains, and a monovalent recombinant protein, which contains...

Circular dichroism, that is, the differential absorption of a system to left and right circularly polarized light, is one of the only techniques capable of providing morphological information of certain samples. In biology, for instance, circular dichroism spectroscopy is widely used to study the structure of proteins. More recently, it has also been used to characterize metamaterials and plasm...

With more severe resource scarcity and environmental problems, the evaluation of circular economy in microcosmic level has become the focus of the academic world. Based on the concept of circular economy, this paper not only structures the evaluation index system of circular economy for iron and steel enterprises, builds the evaluation model of circular economy for iron and steel enterprises ba...

A quantitative characterization of the relationship between molecular sequence and structure is essential to improve our understanding of how function emerges. This particular genotype-phenotype map has been often studied in the context of RNA sequences, with the folded configurations standing as a proxy for the phenotype. Here, we count the secondary structures of circular RNAs of length n and...

B. Wittmann, S.N. Danilov, V.V. Bel’kov, S.A. Tarasenko, E.G. Novik, H. Buhmann, C. Brüne, L.W. Molenkamp, Z.D. Kvon, N.N. Mikhailov, S.A. Dvoretsky, N.Q.Vinh, A.F.G. van der Meer, B. Murdin, and S.D. Ganichev Terahertz Center, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany A.F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia 3 Physical ...

We have examined the secondary structures of human class I and class II histocompatibility antigens in solution by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and circular dichroism in order to compare the relative amounts of alpha-helix, beta-sheet, and other structures, which are crucial elements in the comparison of the protein structures. Quantitation of infrared spectra of papain-solubilized H...

Bacteria produce a wide variety of both proteinaceous and nonproteinaceous molecules for defense, mediation of microbial competitions, and signaling purposes. Of the proteinbased molecules, there are examples of large folded polypeptides that are translated conventionally from genes as well as smaller peptides that are assembled nonribosomally by peptide synthetases (41). The latter often conta...

Recent years have brought forward different models on how the brain might encode heading from optic flow. Neurons in these models can encode heading for a variety of self-motion conditions, while responding to optic flow stimuli similarly as found in electrophysiological studies. Yet, little attention has been given to the receptive field structure of neurons that integrate local motion signals...

Satellites situated in the orbit of Mars have provided and continue providing thousand of images of the planet surface. Nevertheless the number of expert geologists analyzing these images is limited. Typically, these experts provide linguistic descriptions of their observations remarking the relevant features in the image and ignoring the irrelevant details for a given goal. In this paper, we a...