In the face of mounting environmental degradation and persistent poverty over the previous decade, Johannesburg’s World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) of August and September 2002 inherited a number of unmet accords from the 1992 Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit. Consequently, the United Nations Stakeholder Forum Implementation Conference (IC) was convened to integrate civil society stakeh...

Recent research on the geography of NGOs in Global Civil Society yearbooks has emphasized a north-west European bias. This has been taken to imply that global civil society is but a pale geographical shadow of the power concentrations in global economy and governance. Using an interlocking network model and data on 74 global NGOs with offices across 178 cities, NGO connectivity values for citie...

Societies under similar geographic and economic conditions and subject to similar external influences nonetheless develop very di↵erent types of states. At one extreme are weak states with little capacity and ability to regulate economic or social relations. At the other are despotic states which dominate civil society. Yet there are others which are locked into an ongoing competition with civi...

Background: The coexistence of human beings requires the observance of moral etiquette, which is called civil ethics in ethics and leads to normative order. In order for civil ethics to have an executive guarantee, a set of laws was formed in the society under the title of civil procedure. One of the lawsuits in this regard is the harassment lawsuit. There are complex issues in the harassment l...

Civil society (CS) strengthening is central to peacebuilding policies for divided, post-war societies. However, it has been criticized for creating internationalized organizations without local backing, unable to represent citizens' interests. Based on in-depth empirical research in Bosnia-Herzegovina, this article focuses on the legitimacy of CS organizations (CSOs). It explores why legitimacy...

Research findings: ‘Civil’ organisations vary in their ties to ‘non-civil’ organisations with fundamental consequences: organisations with ties to the principle actors of representative democracy are the most likely to participate in formal or quasi-formal processes of public policy. The findings suggest that the dominant perspective on civil society and participation in international developme...

Existing formal models of social order have difficulty providing convincing accounts of stable cooperation within societies because they do not analyze the full range of institutional forms that are available for large collectivities. This paper presents a new model of cooperation within societies, based upon a nested hierarchies of groups. The problem of maintaining cooperation is viewed as is...

awareness of the perception of farmers toward cooperation is an important step for developing the role of cooperatives in rural economy. the purpose of this descriptive-correlational study was to investigate perception of farmers toward cooperation. the statistical population for the study consisted of farmer heads of families in the rural society of kermanshah township (n=24391). three hundred...