The present study investigated the simultaneous occurrence of emergent stimulus-response relations (functional equivalence) and stimulus-stimulus relations (stimulus equivalence). After being pretrained and tested on two symbolic match-to-sample tasks (X1-Y1, X2-Y2), 20 4- and 5-year-old children were trained to emit specified responses to pairs of stimuli (A1-R1, B1-R1, A2-R2, B2-R2) in one se...

Four experiments assessed pitch and temporal contributions to phrase judgments made on excerpts from classical music. In Experiment 1, pitch-condition trials retained the original pitch pattern but were equitemporal, temporal-condition trials retained the original temporal pattern but were equitonal, and combined-condition trials contained both patterns. In Experiment 2, one pattern was shifted...

The history of 2-process learning theory is described, and the logical and empirical validity of its major postulates is examined. The assumption of 2 acquisition processes requires the demonstration of an empirical interaction between 2 types of reinforcement contingencies and (a) response classes, (b) reinforcing stimulus classes, or (c) characteristics of the learned behavior itself. The med...

The purpose of this review is to bring to the attention of neuroscientists some of the current thinking of psychologists who study learning processes from a behavioral perspective. The past 20 years have seen enormous changes in the ways that psychologists conceptualize and study elementary learning processes; however, many of those changes are poorly appreciated by the neuroscience community a...

Trout learned the operant task of pendulum-pressing for a food-reward in a mean of 4.3 sessions lasting 1 hr. In a separate phase, fish also learned--through classical conditioning--to associate a neutral light cue with an aversive stimulus. When again allowed to pendulum-press for food, after aversive classical conditioning, there was a drop in the rate of responding. The mean rate dropped fro...

Psychology, along with a wide range of other academic disciplines, has influenced research in both consumer behaviour and marketing. However, the influence of one area of psychology—namely, behaviourism—on research on consumers and marketing has been less prominent. Behaviourism has influenced consumer and marketing research through the application of classical and operant conditioning, matchin...

This report describes how the choice of kernel affects a non-parametric density estimation. Methods for accurate localisation of peaks in the estimated densities are developed for Gaussian and cos kernels. The accuracy and robustness of the peak localisation methods are studied with respect to noise, number of samples, and interference between peaks. Although the peak localisation is formulated...

The past 50 years have seen an accumulation of evidence suggesting that associative learning depends on high-level cognitive processes that give rise to propositional knowledge. Yet, many learning theorists maintain a belief in a learning mechanism in which links between mental representations are formed automatically. We characterize and highlight the differences between the propositional and ...

OBJECTIVES To understand which aspects of general practitioner (GP) and HIV clinic appointments people living with HIV (PLWHIV) most value when seeking advice for new health problems. METHODS A discrete choice experiment using a convenience sample of people diagnosed with HIV. Participants were recruited from 14 general HIV clinics in the South East of England between December 2014 and April ...

I present a new method for analyzing associative processes in free recall. While previous research has emphasized the prominence of semantic organization, the present method illustrates the importance of association by contiguity. This is done by examining conditional response probabilities in the output sequence. For a given item recalled, I examine the probability and latency that it follows ...