Between 1997 and 2000 a single multidrug-susceptible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone, M (sequence type 30 [ST30]-staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec [SCCmec] type IV), was present in a pediatric hospital in Mexico City, Mexico. In 2001 the international multidrug-resistant New York-Japan clone (ST5-SCCmec type II) was introduced into the hospital, completely replacing clone...

In this paper, we investigate the benefits and drawbacks of different approaches for solving a cooperative foraging task with two robots. We compare a classical clonal approach with an additional approach which favors the evolution of heterogeneous behaviors according to two defining criteria: the evolvability of the cooperative solution and the efficiency of the coordination behaviors evolved....

Four cases of canine lymphoma are presented, including histological examination and cytogenetic investigation. The first case showed a derivative chromosome 13, the second case showed a clonal trisomy 8 and the third case showed a complex karyotype with a clonal trisomy 13 and additional clonal trisomies of the chromosomes 20, 30 and 37, as well as a non-clonal tetrasomy 9. Case four showed a s...

A single clone of B cells producing anti-DNP antibody recognizable by the isoelectric-focusing spectrum has been used, in a double transfer system, to study clonal memory. Trasnsferable B memory develops between 4 and 7 days after the first transfer with antigen. B-memory cells thus proliferate before or concomitantly with antibody-forming cells.

Cancers arise through a process of somatic evolution that can result in substantial sub-clonal heterogeneity within tumors. The mechanisms responsible for the coexistence of distinct subclones and the biological consequences of this coexistence remain poorly understood. Here we used a mouse xenograft model to investigate the impact of sub-clonal heterogeneity on tumor phenotypes and the competi...

The dynamics of heterogeneous clonal lineages within a cell population, in aggregate, shape both normal and pathological biological processes. Studies of clonality typically relate the fitness of clones to their relative abundance, thus requiring long-term experiments and limiting conclusions about the heterogeneity of clonal fitness in response to perturbation. We present, for the first time, ...

During aging phenotypic changes in the hematopoietic system occur, and possible reason of these can be accumulation gene mutations stem cells or early blood progenitors. Although are mostly neutral, some may give progenitor a proliferative advantage. In this case clonal hematopoiesis will arise, which is characterized by formation genetically distinct subpopulation cells. Clonal become basis fo...

Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates of serotypes 1, 4, 6B, 7F, 14, and 19F belonging to clonal types with known invasive disease potential in humans were used to infect C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Most isolates were able to colonize the nasopharynx for 7 days. One serotype 19F isolate of the clonal type ST162 had higher bacterial numbers than other isolates and clonal types of the same serotype. Ser...

In this paper, thinking over characteristics of ant colony optimization Algorithm, taking into account the characteristics of cloud computing, combined with clonal selection algorithm (CSA) global optimum advantage of the convergence of the clonal selection algorithm (CSA) into every ACO iteration, speeding up the convergence rate, and the introduction of reverse mutation strategy, ant colony o...