Four experiments investigated the effects of testing and spacing on the learning of face-name stimulus-response pairs. Experiments 1a and 1b compared the recall of names following intervening tests versus additional study opportunities and found that testing produced better retention of names. Experiments 2 and 3 explored the effects of repeated tests versus study for massed, uniform, or expand...

Participants reconstructed the serial order of events associated with the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Accuracy was stable as the retention interval doubled from 9 weeks to 18 weeks, but most participants (63%) made errors sequencing even the ‘unforgettable’ events of that day, with most errors (72%) falling within one position of being correct. This positional gradient (near misses...

This research examines the employment of cognitive or mentalist words in the titles of articles from three comparative psychology journals (Journal of Comparative Psychology, International Journal of Comparative Psychology, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes; 8,572 titles, >100,000 words). The Dictionary of Affect in Language, coupled with a word search of titles, was...

Human behavior is complex and every individual is different from another, the challenge of an effective organization is in successfully matching the task, the manager and the subordinate. Under ideal situation, a manager would first analyze the task, then determine the required skills and assemble a team that complement each other skills; thereby creating an enriching & conflict free team. In r...

In a naturalistic newspaper reading study, two pairs of information graphics have been designed to study the effects of (a) the spatial contiguity principle and (b) the dual scripting principle bymeans of eye tracking measurements. Our data clearly show that different spatial layouts have a significant effect on readers’ eyemovement behaviour. An integrated formatwith spatial contiguity between...

Prospective memory situations involve forming intentions and then realizing those intentions at some appropriate time in the future. An interesting feature of most prospective remembering is that recollection of the intended action occurs without an explicit request to attempt retrieval, and we present two views on how this type of remembering can be accomplished. One could strategically monito...

This is a revision of the chapter on the same topic that appeared in the first edition of the Handbook, published in 1996. In the intervening years, a great many changes have occurred in cognitive theory, and its perceived relevance to education has been challenged. As a participant in, and indeed as a promulgator of, some of those changes and challenges, my own ideas and opinions have changed ...

Although suggestibility has been studied for more than a century (e.g. Binet, 1900; Stern, 1910), a resurgence of interest occurred at the end of the last century, prompted in large part by Loftus’ work on misinformation effects in adult memory (e.g. Loftus, 1975; Loftus, Miller, & Burns, 1978). A series of investigations of large-scale sexual abuse allegations such as the McMartin case in Cali...

Examined the effects of motivated processing on hindsight bias. One hundred fifty three college students estimated and later recalled the likelihood that 30 self-relevant events would occur during the next 2 months. Multi-level modelling was used to determine the (within-subject) effects of expectations, event valence and event controllability on hindsight bias and the extent to which these eff...

Cognitive load theory began by using our knowledge of human cognition to devise instructional procedures. Insofar as those procedures have been successful, they have strengthened the cognitive theory that gave rise to them. Indeed, it has been possible to expand our knowledge of cognition by studying the manner in which information can be successfully presented to learners. As a consequence, to...