mosquito-borne encephalitic flavivirus of rural eastern, southeastern and southern Asia. Outbreaks of JE have occurred in many states in India1. An explosive insular outbreak of meningoencephalitis, mainly in children, occurred during early 1996 in the Kuttanad area of Alappuzha district, Kerala2. During the outbreak in May 2011, 24 cases were recorded between January and May 2011; one in Janua...

BACKGROUND Four studies from sub-Saharan Africa have found a substantial population-level effect of ART provision on adult mortality. It is important to see if the impact changes with time since the start of treatment scale-up, and as treatment moves to smaller clinics. METHODS AND FINDINGS During 2002-4 a demographic surveillance site (DSS) was established in Karonga district, northern Malaw...

Objectives: The optimal timing for tracheostomy after cardiac surgery in patients undergoing prolonged ventilation is controversial. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of tracheostomy timing on shortand long-term mortality of these patients. Design: Retrospective study of prospectively collected data. Setting: Cardiac surgical intensive care unit (ICU) in a tertiary-care, university...

The NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA) campaign was conducted primarily to explore the relationship between African Easterly Waves (AEWs) and tropical cyclogenesis in the Atlantic basin, as well as the role of the Saharan Air Layer (SAL) in modulating the intensity of the waves and incipient tropical cyclone growth. This paper presents an overview of TOGA radar observations...

Background: Hair follicle cycling usually associated with prominent changes in skin vascularization; through follicular dermal papilla production of angiogenic factors. The early response of hair follicles to ionizing irradiation (IR) is induction of early anagen hair and appearance of new hair formation. Material and Method: Fifty rats were equally divided into 2 groups; control and γ-rays (10...

Abstract Aegagropila linnaei is a unique freshwater green alga that develops into spherical aggregations known as “lake balls”, “Cladophora balls” or “Marimo”. Loss of this species progressing globally, and there concern over threats its conservation. As part the study which aims to conserve endangered species, zoosporogenesis A. in Lake Akan, designated Special Natural Monument Japan, was inve...

A major fraction of the petroleum hydrocarbons discharged during the 2010 Macondo oil spill became associated with and sank to the seafloor as marine snow flocs. This sedimentation pulse induced the development of distinct bacterial communities. Between May 2010 and July 2011, full-length 16S rRNA gene clone libraries demonstrated bacterial community succession in oil-polluted sediment samples ...