Suction drains are commonly used in orthopedic elective and trauma surgery; however, drain tube removal causes pain, discomfort, and anxiety. A method of drain tube removal is described in patients who underwent total hip replacement and in adolescents who underwent lower extremity surgery. Ten milliliters of lidocaine was injected through the skin wound around the drain tube. The efficiency of...

The hierarchy of models applicable to transient free surface problems of ground water ̄ow to drains is discussed. The model choice is related to drain type and dewatering stage. Flow pattern is illustrated to vary with decrease of the water table. Simulation of drains and corresponding boundary conditions are discussed. # 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Researchers have documented the flow of so-called drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, methamphetamine, and ecstasy, in rivers and streams from Venice, Italy, to Florence, Ore. However, new research published in ES&T (DOI 10.1021/es800768h) shows that conventional drinking-water treatment successfully removes these drugs and others considered to be more benign, such as caffeine and nicotine. The re...

..*.. person who decides on removal. ,'A ... I l l IDrains provide a mechanical meanso removig matera that wod otherwise be harmful to the patient, and this may be pus, air, blood, 9\S,i.': '.:.: !_F '' ',:,.,, _,urme, or alimentary secretions. There are three main reasons for inserting drains-namely, to remove air and blood that wil delay healing and recovery, to drain abscesses, and to provid...

Study Design Systematic review. Objective Determine whether closed suction wound drains decrease the incidence of postoperative complications compared with no drain use in patients undergoing spine surgery for lumbar degenerative conditions. Methods Electronic databases and reference lists of key articles were searched up through January 22, 2015, to identify studies comparing the use of closed...

The azygos vein (gr. azygos – 'unpaired') typically starts from the posterior aspect of the inferior vena cava (IVC), at or below the level of the renal veins. The origin is not constant. If present, the lumbar azygos ascends anterior to the upper lumbar vertebrae. It may pass behind the right crus of the diaphragm or pierce it, or it may traverse the aortic hiatus to the right of the cisterna ...

* Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq. Introduction Traditionally many surgeons advocate draining the neck routinely after thyroid surgery. Although several prospective randomized reports regarding the function of the drains in thyroid surgery have not justified their use, most surgeons still employ routine drainage of the thyroidectomy bed. The ma...

Jamieson, R.C., Gordon, R.J., Sharples, K.E., Stratton, G.W. and Madani, A. 2002. Movement and persistence of fecal bacteria in agricultural soils and subsurface drainage water: A review. Canadian Biosystems Engineering/Le génie des biosystèmes au Canada 44:1.1-1.9. The presence of pathogenic bacteria in public and private water systems has emerged in the past year as a priority water quality i...

BACKGROUND Peatlands play an important role in the global carbon cycle. They provide important ecosystem services including carbon sequestration and storage. Drainage disturbs peatland ecosystem services. Mapping drains is difficult and expensive and their spatial extent is, in many cases, unknown. An object based image analysis (OBIA) was performed on a very high resolution satellite image (Ge...