a response to the problem of irans backwardness preoccupied the minds of intellectual and political forces. since irans failure from russia while different domestic and external factors caused to defeat, differend and even contending views concerning irans backwardness played a key role in these failures. these diverse and contending views which arised at first in compilation of laws and establ...

This study examines understandings of misfortune among east London Bangladeshis, particularly with respect to the role of jinn spirits. It reports on the findings of ethnographic interviews among 40 members of this community. Appeal to jinn explanations is commonplace at times of psychological disturbance and unexplained physical symptoms. Resort to traditional healers is frequent. These explan...

one of the major categories of the iranian constitutional revolution is modernists (motajadedin) who are referred to variously as “adaptionists”, “apologists”, “syncretists” and “revisionists”. motajadedin are devout and knowledgeable iranians whose mission is threefold: first, to define iranian identity by bringing out of the fundamentals in rational and liberal manner; second, to emphasize, a...

Traditional body tattooing is called Godna in Awadh. Body tattooing (Godna) is believed to be the adaptation of a primitive form of art in India. The art of godna is closely related to religion and considered rites of passage in nondwij castes of Awadhi region. This art comprises permanent ornamentation of the body with tattoos made by Godarins or Maharins. The belief says that godna marks are ...

At this fin-de-siècle, the “post” that was meant to mark off the modern, or perhaps to qualify it, has turned out to be a looking-glass of sorts, reviving engagements with the question of modernity. However, lurking in the shadows of this discourse is the “constitutive outside” that makes possible such narratives: tradition. In this article, I explore the question of modernity through the trope...

The article is devoted to the question of correlation between formation philosophical methodology in modern era and problematization tradition humanities. authors believe that theme was one starting points for development humanitarian knowledge and, at same time, contributed methodological expansion research. Already end 18th century, romantics, fascinated by antiquity, made attempts rationaliz...