von Davier, Holland and Thayer (2004) laid out a five-step framework of test equating which can be applied to various data collection designs and equating methods. In the continuization step, they present an adjusted Gaussian kernel method which preserves the first two moments. This paper proposes an alternative continuization method which directly uses the log-linear function from the smoothin...

A Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method and a bootstrap method were compared in the estimation of standard errors of item response theory (IRT) true score equating. Three test form relationships were examined: parallel, tauequivalent, and congeneric. Data were simulated based on Reading Comprehension and Vocabulary tests of the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills1. For parallel and congeneric test form...

Global glass production grew to 150 million tonnes (Mt) in 2014, equating approximately 21 kg per person. Producing this is energy intensive and contributes annual CO2 emissions of some 86Mt. An accurate map the global supply chain needed help identify mitigation options from across chain, including process efficiency material options. This does not yet exist, so we address knowledge gap by tra...

In equating, when common items are internal and scoring is in terms of the number of correct items, some pairs of total scores (X) and common-item scores (V ) can never be observed in a bivariate distribution of X and V ; these pairs are called structural zeros (Bishop, Fienberg, & Holland, 2007; Holland & Wang, 1987). This study examines how different approaches to handling structural zeros gi...

The PISA 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015 assessments use the same science performance scale, which means that score points on this scale are directly comparable over time. The same is true for the reading performance scale used since PISA 2000 and the mathematics performance scale used since PISA 2003. Comparisons of scores across time are possible because some items are common across assessments and...