Studies of downtrend have reported that accents/tones are realised at progressively lower F0 values during an utterance. Listeners are reported to compensate for such F0 variations over time( Pierrehumbert 1979). Underlying the downtrend studies is the assumption that the phonological categories under investigation are invariant over time and that declination can be factored out of the quantita...

Bistable N-H···N hydrogen bonds between rotors and stators enable delicate modulation of dynamic molecular motion by slowing down the fast rotation in a N-H···N hydrogen-bonded organic co-crystal of 1,2-diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane bis(thiourea), which has been elucidated by the combination of variable-temperature (VT) X-ray structure analyses and VT solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance techniques.

The preparation of multipartite entangled states is the prerequisite for exploring quantum information networks and quantum computation. In this Letter, we present what we believe is the first experimental demonstration of an eight-partite spatially separated continuous variable (CV) cluster state of optical modes. Via the linearly optical transformation of eight squeezed states of light, the e...

Econometric analyses of treatment response often use instrumental variable (IV) assumptions to identify treatment effects. The traditional IV assumption holds that mean response is constant across the subpopulations of persons with different values of an observed covariate. Manski and Pepper (2000) introduced monotone instrumental variable (MIV) assumptions, which replace equalities with weak i...

The permutation flow shop scheduling problem (PFSSP) is part of production scheduling, which belongs to the hardest combinatorial optimization problem. In this paper, a multipopulation particle swarm optimization (PSO) based memetic algorithm (MPSOMA) is proposed in this paper. In the proposed algorithm, the whole particle swarm population is divided into three subpopulations in which each part...

We explored the theoretical underpinnings of a commonly used training strategy by examining issues of training and transfer of skill in the context of a complex video game (Space Fortress, Donchin, 1989). Participants trained using one of two training regimens: Full Emphasis Training (FET) or Variable Priority Training (VPT). Transfer of training was assessed with a large battery of cognitive a...

This paper reports evidence that an individual meeting with a study counselor at high school significantly improves the quality of choice of tertiary educational field, as self-assessed 18 months after graduation from college. To address endogeneity, we explore the variation in study counseling practices between schools as an instrumental variable (IV). Following careful scrutiny of the validit...

The use of instrumental variable (IV) methods is attractive because, even in the presence of unmeasured confounding, such methods may consistently estimate the average causal effect of an exposure on an outcome. However, for this consistent estimation to be achieved, several strong conditions must hold. We review the definition of an instrumental variable, describe the conditions required to ob...

Variable angle spinning (VAS) experiments provide a useful method for measuring long-range dipolar couplings and obtaining isotropic-anisotropic correlation spectra. These experiments make it possible to obtain correlations between isotropic and anisotropic spectra without altering the chemical composition of the sample. They also allow working with very strongly oriented systems that are not a...

The primary goal was to compare results from a free-operant procedure with pigeons [Machado, A., Guilhardi, P., 2000. Shifts in the psychometric function and their implications for models of timing. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 74, 25-54, Experiment 2] with new results obtained with rats. The secondary goal was to compare the results of both experiments with dependent variables that were not used in th...