For most of the 1990s, many analysts focused their attention on determining the circumstances under which a particular set of economic policies could be implemented in a post-communist state. Although that research agenda led to important breakthroughs regarding the importance of “first-round winners” in post-communist states and the short-run compatibility of democratization and marketization,...

This article examines the Race Equality Directive (RED) and its transposition in the context of a new European Union (EU) member state, Baltic Lithuania. Taking this post-communist society as a case study, it is suggested that while formal legislative compliance with the RED has been broadly attained, transposed anti-discrimination legislation and national policy implementation initiatives may ...

Twenty years after the collapse of communism, a rough consensus in the literature on post-communist politics is that the past matters; many questions remain, however, about exactly how, when, and why the past matters, especially in terms of political values and behavior. To address this gap in the literature, we present a systematic framework for considering the effect of communist era legacies...

Higher education represented an important opportunity for the communist regime to train specialized staff in order to strengthen its political control of all the aspects of society, but also to support economic development and the creation of a new society1. Economic development was heavily concentrated on the process of industrialization, which demanded (technical) specialized staff; therefore...

Facing the strict and alienating rules imposed by the totalitarian communist party in all aspects of civil life and having to have their children educated in the communist education system, the Romanian families found innovative ways to keep and pass on the rich cultural and religious traditions together with the ancient beliefs and values. However, this was accomplished with sacrifices and lon...

Forced migration traumatizes millions displaced from their homes, but little is known about the few who manage to stay and become a minority in new society. We study case of German stayers Sudetenland, region which Czechoslovakia expelled ethnic Germans after World War Two. The unexpected presence US Army parts 1945 resulted more anti-fascist avoiding displacement compared regions liberated by ...