Researchers have extensively compared different L2 learning contexts, such as EFL versus study-abroad, for their impacts on oral production; however, scant attention, if any, has been paid to comparing EFL settings in terms of input factors such as textbooks, amount of contacts in L2, and teachers. Accordingly, the effects of these factors on the oral production skills were investigated in this...

The  present  meta-analysis  was  conducted  to  provide  a  quantitative  measure  of  the overall effects of task complexity on Chinese EFL learners’ language  production.  Based  on  the strict inclusion criteria, 12 primary  studies  were synthesized according to key  features.  Eleven of them  were  meta-analyzed  to  investigate  effects  of  raising  the  resource-directing  task  comple...

the present meta-analysis was conducted to provide a quantitative measure of the overall effects of task complexity on chinese efl learners’ language production. based on the strict inclusion criteria, 12 primary studies were synthesized according to key features. eleven of them were meta-analyzed to investigate effects of raising the resource-directing task complexity. results revealed that ...

Evaluative and comparative analysis among educational projects remains an issue for administration, program directors, instructors, and educational institutes. This study reports a fuzzy complexity model for educational projects, which has two primary aspects (technical aspects and transparency aspects). These aspects may not be measured precisely due to uncertain situations. Therefore, a fuzzy...

The aim of this paper is to present the definition complexity for static self-gravitating anisotropic matter proposed in f(G,T)theory, where Gis Gauss-Bonnet term and Tis trace energy momentum tensor. We evaluate field equations, Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equation, mass functions structure scalars. Among calculated modified scalar variables that are obtained from orthogonal splitting Riemann t...

We introduce wire length as a salient complexity measure for analyzing the circuit complexity of sensory processing in biological neural systems. This new complexity measure is applied in this paper to two basic computational problems that arise in translationand scale-invariant pattern recognition, and hence appear to be useful as benchmark problems for sensory processing. We present new circu...