18F-FDG is formed through radiochemical synthesis from cyclotron-produced 18F (K. Breslow, written communication, June 2000). Production of 18F is through proton bombardment of enriched 18O-water. 18F-fluoride is bound to 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-O-trifluoromethanesulfonyl-Dmannopyranose (mannose triflate) under conditions of a stereospecific second-order nucleophilic substitution reaction, whi...

t t t linician scientists are rare and surgical clinician scientists re even rarer. The number of MDs (compared with MD/PhDs nd PhDs) as first-time applicants for National Institutes of ealth (NIH) research project grant support has plummeted. If his progression continues, there will be no first-time MD pplicants [1]. This trend is ongoing in the midst of a biotechology revolution in which the ...

Cardiac arrhythmias are a major epidemiological and public health problem and contribute significantly to sudden cardiac death, heart failure, stroke, suffering, debilitation, and healthcare expenses. In the United States alone, sudden cardiac death is estimated to kill 250 000 to 400 000 people annually.1 Most sudden death is due to cardiac arrhythmias,2 with ventricular tachycardia and fibril...

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent, disabling disorder of the joints that affects a large population worldwide and for which there is no definitive cure. This review provides critical insights into the basic knowledge on OA that may lead to innovative end efficient new therapeutic regimens. While degradation of the articular cartilage is the hallmark of OA, with altered interactions between cho...