The grammar of the language in which some given code is written is essential for developing automated tools for maintenance, reengineering, and program analysis. Frequently grammar is available for a language but not for its variants that are implemented by various vendors and in which the given code may be written. In this work we address the problem of obtaining the grammar from source code, ...

this paper evaluates pedagogical grammar in the coursebooks of teaching persian non-iranian language learners. the study is based on communicative approach and pedagogical grammar. to evaluate the contents of those books, several checklists and grading scales were investigated and finally, an integrated checklist consisted of 20 questions was provided to be used in this study. in providing this...

This book is an elementary introduction to natural language processing, but it is a very unusual one for two reasons. First, its subject languages are those of India; second, although the book sets out and discusses the better-known linguistic grammars that are commonly used in natural language processing, the grammar that the book actually uses is one based on the Astfidhy~y~ (pronotmced 'asht...

Writing is one of the four language skills that learners should master. The 2013 curriculum also says English competencies specified in high school level students must be able to compose short written texts using coherent text structures and linguistic elements fluently accurately. In line with this study aims find out whether marking system feedback can improve students' writing skill. This a ...

We present a new feedback strategy implemented in a natural-language-generation-based e-learning system for German as second language (L2). Although the system recognizes a large proportion of the grammar errors in learner-produced written sentences, its automatically generated feedback only addresses errors against rules that are relevant at the learner’s current L2 acquisition stage. This app...

This is the motivating question behind GFL-Web, which uses the Fragmentary Unlabeled Dependency Grammar, or FUDG (Schneider et al. 2013), to make syntactic representations easier on annotators. FUDG is written using the Graph Fragment Language or GFL, a simple ASCII-based notation, which annotators can master in a few minutes. This framework allows annotators to work quickly, underspecify where...

Abstract The study aimed at investigating the efficacy of written corrective feedback (CF) in improving Iranian EFL learners’ grammatical accuracy. It compared the effects of focused and unfocused written CF on the learners’ grammatical accuracy. 75 EFL students formed a one control and two experimental groups. The focused feedback group was provided with error correction in tenses. The unfocus...

English language teaching (ELT) writing practitioners have long attempted to improve EFL/ESL learners’ competence in writing with recourse to either instruction or feedback. Likewise, researchers have, to date, mainly focused on either of these treatments to enhance language learners’ composing ability. Which treatment leads to more significant improvements is, however, unclear. Moreover, of th...