Herein, we explore the psychology of deontic reasoning through the presentation of a heterogeneous natural logic combining inference schemas with a preferencebased model-theoretic semantics such as those typically found in various formalisms for nonmonotonic reasoning. We conjecture that the heterogeneous approach is a generalization of various other hypotheses concerning deontic reasoning, and...

The Rényi entropy is a generalization of Shannon entropy to a one-parameter family of entropies. Tsallis entropy too is a generalization of Shannon entropy. The measure for Tsallis entropy is non-logarithmic. After the introduction of Shannon entropy , the conditional Shannon entropy was derived and its properties became known. Also, for Tsallis entropy, the conditional entropy was introduced a...

An autonomous robot using symbolic reasoning, sensing and acting in a real environment needs the ability to create and maintain the connection between symbols representing objects in the world and the corresponding perceptual representations given by its sensors. This connection has been named perceptual anchoring. In complex environments, anchoring is not always easy to establish: the situatio...

In this paper we summarize our research on solving problems of conditional probability we have recently carried out. We investigate a particular world of school word problems we call ternary problems of conditional probability. We classify them into four families and twenty subfamilies depending on data structure and investigated students’ behaviour in solving problems, those with one condition...

Considering a minimal number of assumptions and in the context timeless formalism, conditional probabilities are derived for subsequent measurements non-relativistic regime. Only unitary transformations considered with detection processes described by generalized (POVM). One-time unambiguously via Gleason-Bush theorem, including puzzling cases like Wigner's friend scenario where their form unde...

conditional  methods  of adjustment  are often used to quantify  the effect  of the exposure on the outcome.  as  a  result,  the  stratums-specific  risk  ratio  estimates  are  reported  in  the  presence  of interaction   between   exposure  and  confounder(s)   in  the  literature,  even  if  the  target  of  the intervention on the exposure is the total population and the interaction itsel...

During the last years some new variants of Permutation entropy have been introduced and applied to EEG analysis, among them a conditional variant and variants using some additional metric information or being based on entropies different from the Shannon entropy. In some situations it is not completely clear what kind of information the new measures and their algorithmic implementations provide...

We consider the problem of training a conditional random field (CRF) to maximize per-label predictive accuracy on a training set, an approach motivated by the principle of empirical risk minimization. We give a gradient-based procedure for minimizing an arbitrarily accurate approximation of the empirical risk under a Hamming loss function. In experiments with both simulated and real data, our o...