This work is a revision of the False Dilemma Fallacy (FDF). The formalized model (FM)of this fallacy has as its centerpiece valid disjunctive syllogism, but premise presumed to be false, thus making argument unsound. Our revised (FM2.0) focuses on formal structure by comparing given vs. real argument, which unsound because invalidity. approach we believe more pedagogically useful and better exp...

We consider two categorical syllogisms, valid or invalid, to be equivalent if they can be transformed into each other by certain transformations, going back to Aristotle, that preserve validity. It is shown that two syllogisms are equivalent if and only if they have the same models. Counts are obtained for the number of syllogisms in each equivalence class. To make the development more natural,...

Mental models theorists (e.g., Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 1991) suggest that syllogism terms are represented in working memory as ‘abstract tokens’. However, the role that working memory sub-systems and prior knowledge play in the representation and processing of such terms is poorly specified. Two experiments are reported in which the representational distinctiveness of syllogism terms was manipul...

Berit Brogaard and Joe Salerno (2008) have defended the validity of counterfactual hypothetical syllogism (CHS) within the Stalnaker-Lewis account. Whenever the premisses of an instance of CHS are non-vacuosly true, a shift in context has occurred. Hence the standard counterexamples to CHS suffer from context failure. Charles Cross (2011) rejects this argument as irreconcilable with the Stalnak...

we prove that the limit of a sequence of pettis integrable bounded scalarly measurable weak random elements, of finite weak norm, with values in the dual of a non-separable banach space is pettis integrable. then we provide basic properties for the pettis conditional expectation, and prove that it is continuous. calculus of pettis conditional expectations in general is very different from the c...

researchers of language teaching believe that teaching method has a lot of impact on the speed and depth of learning. the importance of this is so obvious on teaching some persian language structures which are syntactically and semantically complicated. one of these structures is conditional sentences which has been considered in this study. here we tried to teach conditional sentences via both...

Gender, Economic Development and Islam: A Perspective from France Muslims do less well on the French labor market than their non Muslim counterparts. One explanation for this relative failure can be characterized by the following syllogism: (1) the empowerment of women is a sine qua non for economic progress; (2) in-group norms among Muslims do not empower women; and hence (3) Muslim communitie...

Uncertain entailment is a methodology for calculating the truth value of an uncertain formula via the maximum uncertainty principle when the truth values of other uncertain formulas are given. In order to find the truth value of additional formula, this paper will introduce an entailment model. As applications of uncertain entailment, this paper will also discuss modus ponens, modus tollens, an...