The aim of this article was to propose a framework based on the theory self-congruity and Hofstede’s uncertainty avoidance. combine destination personality, self-congruity, avoidance, tourists’ revisit intention. present conceptual paper proposed an integrated model which incorporates effect More importantly, avoidance introduced as moderator between Based theoretical in article, estimated resu...

Recent research has shown that leet words (i.e., words in which some of the letters are replaced by visually similar digits; e.g., VIRTU4L) can be processed as their base words without much cost. However, it remains unclear whether the digits inserted in leet words are simply processed as letters or whether they are simultaneously processed as numbers (i.e., in terms of access to their quantity...

OBJECTIVES To characterize the effects of normal aging on the amplitude, latency and scalp distribution of the N400 congruity effect. METHODS Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 72 adults (half of them men) between the ages of 20 and 80 years (12/decade) as they performed a semantic categorization task. Participants listened to spoken phrases (e.g. 'a type of fruit' or 't...

Four experiments were conducted in order to examine effects of notation--Arabic and verbal numbers--on relevant and irrelevant numerical processing. In Experiment 1, notation interacted with the numerical distance effect, and irrelevant physical size affected numerical processing (i.e., size congruity effect) for both notations but to a lesser degree for verbal numbers. In contrast, size congru...

Besner and Coltheart [Besner, D., & Coltheart, M. (1979). Ideographic and alphabetic processing in skilled reading of English. Neuropsychologia, 17, 467-472] found a size congruity effect for Arabic numbers but not for number words. They proposed that Arabic numbers and number words are processed in different ways. However, in their study orientation of the stimuli and notation were confounded....

The purpose of the paper is to extend self-image congruence research into the corporate sponsorship literature in marketing communications. We do this by developing a conceptual model showing how self-congruity with a sponsorship event affects brand loyalty. The model posits that self-congruity with a sponsorship event has a positive influence on brand loyalty, especially under two conditions: ...

This study examined the extent to which individuals used their self-concepts to determine brand preference. It was predicted that individuals would prefer brands with images congruent with their own self-image more than brands’ images inconsistent with their self-image. The study also predicted that others would influence consumers’ brand preference, and participants would prefer brands consona...

This study examined the effects of congruity and proximity on game players’ brand memory, attitude toward the brand, and resources available at encoding for advergames. A 2(congruity) x 2(proximity) x 2(advergame) repeated-measures experiment was used. Implicit memory was measured using a word-fragment completion task while explicit memory was measured using a recognition test. Attitude toward ...

Whereas much is known about how humans categorize and reason based on absolute quantities, research investigating the processing of relative quantities, such as proportions, is comparatively limited. The current study used a Stroop-like paradigm to examine adults’ automatic processing of nonsymbolic proportions and how presentation formats modulate this processing. Participants were asked to co...