One of the main challenges that faces any scholar or researcher after defining legal term is how and why to organise them in different categories. Imposed constitutions as a new which has lately attracted many researchers tends be shown an alien classic traditional types known constitutions. The challenge prompts quickly hearing this if there are imposed constitutions, so what un-imposed ones? ...

Conscientious objection (CO) is the refusal to obey laws due to moral, religious or belief principles. The ideologies or religions underlying laws or constitutions have been seldom analyzed. Scientific Ethics finds that constitutions and laws have implicit or explicit ideological elements that are imposed on citizens, and denies or forbids others that lead citizens to CO. Ideological analysis i...

How long do constitutional systems persist and what explains their demise? This paper introduces a new set of data on the chronology and content of constitutions that facilitates a test of expectations about constitutional mortality and its associated risk factors. We develop a theory of constitutional longevity, in which executive ambition poses a principal threat to the constitutional order. ...

II. CONSTITUTIONS AND CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGE: AN APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS .............................................................................................. 296 A. Treaty vs. Constitution .................................................................................................... 297 B. Formal vs. Material Constitution ................................

Many sincere compliments should be addressed to Bezalel Peleg and Hans Peters, the authors of the book Strategic Social Choice. Stable Representations of Constitutions published last year by Springer. Our experience with the previous books of these authors on game theory (Peleg 1984; Peleg and Sudhölter 2003; Peters 1992, 2008) induces very high expectations with respect to this jointly written...

Abstract What legitimates constitutions? One standard answer is that constitutions are legitimate only if they represent the people govern. This article identifies two different conceptions of representation. Representation can be grounded either in consent or will citizens when constitution reflects ‘real’ identity members nation. Alternatively, it sometimes stated because promotes justice or,...

The Sasang constitutional medicine has long been applied to diagnose and treat patients with various diseases. Studies have been conducted for establishment of scientific evidence supporting Sasang Constitutional (SC) diagnosis. Recent human microbiome studies have demonstrated individual variations of gut microbiota which can be dependent on lifestyle and health conditions. We hypothesized tha...

This Essay examines the recent wave of American Indian tribal constitutional change through the framework of subnational constitutional theory. When tribes rewrite their constitutions, they not only address internal tribal questions and communicate tribal values, but also engage with other subnational entities, i.e. states, and the federal government. This Essay applies that framework to a stud...