effects of different mulches and saran shading on yield and quality of tomato (lycopersicon esculentum cv. early urbana vf) were studied at ilam university, ilam, iran in 2009. the research work was carried out using a 4×4 split plot experimental arrangment through a completely randomized block design (crbd) of three replications, where shading levels of 0%: no shading; 40%: white; 55%: double-...

Partial shading reduces the power output of solar modules, generates several peak points in P-V and I-V curves and shortens the expected life cycle of inverters and solar panels. Electrical array reconfiguration of PV arrays that is based on changing the electrical connections with switching devices, can be used as a practical solution to prevent such problems. Valuable studies have been perfor...

ÐThis paper makes two contributions to the problem of needle-map recovery using shape-from-shading. First, we provide a geometric update procedure which allows the image irradiance equation to be satisfied as a hard constraint. This not only improves the data closeness of the recovered needle-map, but also removes the necessity for extensive parameter tuning. Second, we exploit the improved eas...

In this paper, parametric design approach is used to optimize the external shading device design, which take examples of horizontal shading devices and horizontal louver shading devices on south faced of buildings in Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing. The optimize goal of whole year shading effect is “Shading in summer and solar in winter, both as much as possible at the same time”. In the first ...

Coffee berry disease (CBD), caused by Colletotrichum kahawae, is a major constraint for Arabica coffee cultivation in Africa. The disease is specific to green berries and can lead to 60% harvest losses. In Cameroon, mixed cropping systems of coffee with other crops, such as fruit trees, are very widespread agricultural practices. Fruit trees are commonly planted at random on coffee farms, provi...

We define a new shading tool called a Bidirectional Appearance Distribution Function (BADF) tailored to the direct control of stylized appearance. A BADF can be thought of as defining the appearance of a sphere from all possible illumination directions. Our BADF formulation generalizes and improves upon previous stylized shading techniques by enabling the direct control of shading profiles in s...