The growth of illicit enrichment crime, or living beyond one’s means is a significant challenge in combating corruption. Many countries have shown their commitment towards preventing crimes by criminalising and penalising laws, including Hong Kong Singapore. Illicit crime Malaysia has no clear provisions on to prevent it. Therefore, this paper analysed the adequacy Section 36 Malaysian Anti-Cor...

Article history: Received 5 July 2012 Received in revised form 14 May 2013 Accepted 1 June 2013 Available online 7 June 2013 We study experimentally whether anti-corruption policies with a focus on bribery might be insufficient to uncover more subtle ways of gaining an unfair advantage. In particular, we investigate whether an implicit agreement to exchange favors between a decision-maker and a...

This paper views corruption as activity that tends to undermine a cultural system. Because cultures operate in very different ways, different activities are corrupting in different parts of the world. The paper analyzes real-life situations in Japan, Taiwan, India, China, North America, sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and Korea to distinguish actions that structurally undermine a cultural ...

We study experimentally whether anti-corruption policies with a focus on bribery might be insufficient to uncover more subtle ways of gaining an unfair advantage. In particular, we investigate whether an implicit agreement to exchange favors between a decision-maker and a lobbying party serves as a legal substitute for corruption. Due to the obvious lack of field data on these activities, the l...

Corruption in Indonesia requires the right formulation. The rule of law and punishment system is still weak against criminals. This paper tries to find formula punishing corruptors because existing breakable deemed ineffective preventing it. belongs a type normative approach with descriptive-analytical. reveals that there are weaknesses corruption compromise, resulting increasing every year. Da...

This paper discusses and proposes random selection as a component in decision-making in society. Random procedures have played a significant role in history, especially in classical Greece and the medieval city-states of Italy. We examine the important positive features of decisions by random mechanisms. Random processes allow representativeness with respect to individuals and groups. They sign...

Silvio Berlusconi has dominated Italian political life since he was first elected prime minister in 1994. He has been the third longest-serving prime minister of Italy, after Benito Mussolini and Giovanni Giolitti, and, as of May 2011, he was the longest-serving current leader of a G8 country. This political longevity is often difficult to understand for foreign political analysts. The former I...