BACKGROUND HIV self-testing (HIVST) may play a role in addressing gaps in HIV testing coverage and as an entry point for HIV prevention services. We conducted a cluster randomized trial of 2 HIVST distribution mechanisms compared to the standard of care among female sex workers (FSWs) in Zambia. METHODS AND FINDINGS Trained peer educators in Kapiri Mposhi, Chirundu, and Livingstone, Zambia, e...

We consider the adaptive filtering problem for estimating the randomly changing risk premium and its system parameters for zero-coupon bond models. The term structure model for a zero-coupon bond is formulated including the stochastic riskpremium factor. We specify our observation data from the yield curve and bond data which are used to hedge some option claims. For the fixed system parameters...

This paper discusses the use of parametric models for the term structure of interest rates and their uses. The paper focuses on a potential problem which arises out of the use of certain models. In most cases the process of parameter estimation involves the minimization or maximization of a function (for example, least squares or maximum likelihood). In some cases this function can have a globa...

The Coupon Collector Problem (CCP) is a totem pole in the field of combinatorial problems and has many implications in different domains, e.g., the exact Miss rate of LRU caches. In CCP, a set {1,..n}, n>1, of distinct objects (coupons, items...) is sampled with replacement by a collector. This random process, frequently labelled Independent Reference Model (IRM), is independent of all past eve...

Abstract Consider the coupon collector problem where each box of a brand cereal contains and there are n different types coupons. Suppose that probability containing specific type is $1/n$ , we keep buying boxes until collect at least m coupons type. For $k\geq m$ call certain k-ton if see it k times by time have seen copies all Here determine asymptotic distribution number k-tons after collect...

this comprehensive work explores the research performed inoptimization of the collection bin and in recycle bin location-allocation issues in solidwaste management. although the collection phase of solid waste management accountsfor a significant proportion of the municipal budget, it has attracted only limitedattention of the researchers. optimization of the collection bin and recycle bin loca...

Near Field Communication (NFC) is a Radio Frequency (RF) technology that allows data to be exchanged between devices that are in close proximity. An NFC-based mobile coupon (M-coupon) is a coupon that is retrieved by the user from a source such as a newspaper or a smart poster and redeemed afterwards. The NFC-based mobile coupon (M-coupon) is a cryptographically secured electronic message with ...

The classic Coupon-Collector Problem (CCP) is generalized. Only basic probability theory is used. Centerpiece rather is an algorithm that efficiently counts all k-element transversals of a set system.

The classic Coupon-Collector Problem (CCP) is generalized. Only basic probability theory is used. Centerpiece rather is an algorithm that efficiently counts all k-element transversals of a set system.

The classic Coupon-Collector Problem (CCP) is generalized. Only basic probability theory is used. Centerpiece rather is an algorithm that efficiently counts all k-element transversals of a set system.