International courts have proliferated in the international system in the past century, with one hundred judicial or quasi-judicial bodies currently in existence. While the supply of international courts has increased substantially, state level support for international courts varies across states, across courts, and over time. This paper focuses on the cross-sectional and temporal variation in...

'HETHER the classroom teacher has academic freedoms which go along with his professional responsibilities is a concern largely unanswered. Up to now, court decisions have established only the personal rights of teachers to make private choices on out-of-school matters. Teacher rights on instructional matters remain to be determined by courts and other quasi-judicial conflict-resolving agencies....

To this universe of complex questions, courts have added one that is embarrassingly easy: Is there a payment when a brand promises not to introduce its own generic (known as an “authorized generic” or “AG”), which could be worth millions of dollars to the generic? Under any reasonable interpretation of economics, the Supreme Court’s 2013 decision in FTC v. Actavis, or common sense, such a promi...

Competent terminally ill persons have a right to choose the time and manner of their death. This choice is protected by the constitutional right to privacy. This Note contends that the protection afforded by the right to privacy extends to individuals whose assistance is necessary to help competent terminal patients end their lives. It proposes guidelines for both prosecutors and courts to ensu...

This fact sheet is intended for drug court practitioners who are routinely engaged in the interpretation and evaluation of urine drug testing results for the purpose of participant case adjudication, particularly client sanctioning. Given that most drug courts do not have routine access to biomedical or pharmacological expertise, this fact sheet recommends that the use of urine drug concentrati...

Four decades after the civil rights revolution began with the Supreme Court’s unanimous 1954 school desegregation decision, Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court reversed itself in the 1990s, authorizing school districts to return to segregated and unequal public schools.... The new policies refl ected the victory of the conservative movement that altered the federal courts and turned ...

OBJECTIVE In English paediatric practice, English law requires that parents and clinicians agree the 'best interests' of children and, if this is not possible, that the courts decide. Court intervention is rare and the concept of best interests is ambiguous. We report qualitative research exploring how the best interests standard operates in practice, particularly with decisions related to plan...

in March 2010. Twenty-six states (not including Tennessee) plus various private organizations almost immediately filed suit in federal courts to block implementation. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court delivered a complex decision that will impact the delivery and financing of health care throughout the nation. The decision resolved constitutional challenges to two major provisions of PPACA – ...

The Supreme Court's recent Eighth Amendment death penalty case law is in disarray, and the confusion is symptomatic of a larger problem in constitutional doctrine. In Baze v. Rees and Kennedy v. Louisiana, the Court approached the challenged state policies with vastly different levels of deference. Though the Court purported to apply longstanding Eighth Amendment tests in both cases, Baze was h...