Previously, we reported that lateral hypothalamic (LH) orexin neurons are stimulated in proportion to the preference shown for reward-associated cues during conditioned place preference (CPP) testing. Here, we examine for the first time the role of these neurons in the acquisition of morphine CPP. Results show that LH orexin neurons, but not those in the perifornical area (PFA), are stimulated ...

Two of the most agriculturally important cereal crop plants are wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rice (Oryza sativa). Rice has been shown to produce a number of diterpenoid natural products as phytoalexins and/or allelochemicals--specifically, labdane-related diterpenoids, whose biosynthesis proceeds via formation of an eponymous labdadienyl/copalyl diphosphate (CPP) intermediate (e.g., the ent-CP...

[11]Cycloparaphenylene ([11]CPP) selectively encapsulates La@C82 to form the shortest possible metallofullerene-carbon nanotube (CNT) peapod, La@C82 ⊂[11]CPP, in solution and in the solid state. Complexation in solution was affected by the polarity of the solvent and was 16 times stronger in the polar solvent nitrobenzene than in the nonpolar solvent 1,2-dichlorobenzene. Electrochemical analysi...

INTRODUCTION Higher and lower cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) thresholds have been proposed to improve brain tissue oxygen pressure (PtiO2) and outcome. We study the distribution of hypoxic PtiO2 samples at different CPP thresholds, using prospective multimodality monitoring in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. METHODS This is a prospective observational study of 22 severely head...

BACKGROUND Determination of relationships between transcranial Doppler (TCD)-based spectral pulsatility index (sPI) and pulse amplitude (AMP) of intracranial pressure (ICP) in 2 groups of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients (a) displaying plateau waves and (b) with unstable mean arterial pressure (MAP). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed patients with severe TBI and continuous TCD m...

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays a critical role in amphetamine-produced conditioned place preference (CPP). In previous studies inhibition or activation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (PKA) blocked NAc amphetamine-produced CPP. PKA activation unrelated to ongoing DA transmission may disrupt reward-related learning. Calcineurin (CN) down-regulates downstream PKA tar...

In this paper, we present a forgery attack to a black-box traitor tracing scheme [2] called as CPP scheme. CPP scheme has efficient transmission rate and allows the tracer to identify a traitor with just one invalid ciphertext. Since the original CPP scheme is vulnerable to the multi-key attack, we improved CPP to thwart the attack. However, CPP is vulnerable to a fatal forgery attack. In the f...

A novel transceiver design for ultra wideband (UWB) communication systems using the channel phase precoding (CPP) technique is proposed in this work. With the CPP-UWB transceiver, we encode data symbols using the reversed order of the channel phase. A simple phase estimation algorithm is presented for the CPP-UWB implementation. Owing to its ability to coherently combine the channel magnitude o...

Planning is traditionally associated with the search for sequences of actions spread over time. In this paper we present a component placement problem (CPP), which is concerned with sequences of actions spread in the space of wide-area networks. We argue that, despite the lack of a time component, the CPP is a planning problem. We discuss complexity of the CPP and similarities between the CPP a...

SummaryBackground: Pressure reactivity index (PRx)-cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) relationships over a given time period can be used to detect value of CPP at which PRx shows the best autoregulation (optimal CPP, or CPPopt). Algorithms for continuous assessment CPPopt in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients reached desired high yield with multi-window approach (CPPopt_MA). However, calculat...