Crowding is the identification difficulty for a target in the presence of nearby flankers. Based on psychophysical findings, many theories have been proposed to explain crowding at multiple levels. However, little is known about its neural mechanism. In this study, we combined psychophysical and fMRI adaptation techniques to search for the cortical locus of crowding. In the psychophysical exper...

Crowding, generally defined as the deleterious influence of nearby contours on visual discrimination, is ubiquitous in spatial vision. Crowding impairs the ability to recognize objects in clutter. It has been extensively studied over the last 80 years or so, and much of the renewed interest is the hope that studying crowding may lead to a better understanding of the processes involved in object...

Spatial interactions are a critical and ubiquitous feature of spatial vision. These interactions may be inhibitory (reducing sensitivity as occurs in crowding) or facilitatory (enhancing sensitivity). In this work, we had four goals. 1. To test the hypothesis that foveal crowding depends on target size by measuring the extent of crowding for novel targets that were limited in their spatial freq...

The dynamics of behavioral reactions is studied. Habit, live weight roosters in artificially created models desynchronosis: acute, due to three-day inversion the light regime, and chronic, crowding increased placing density. An assessment behavior, habitus, feed intake, feather cover molting conditions combination with glycemia level, which together provide an objective effect desynchronosis on...

Crowding is common in emergency departments (EDs) and increases the risk of medical errors, patient dissatisfaction, and clinician stress. The aim of this study is to investigate patterns in patient visits and bottlenecks in ED work in order to discuss the prospects of visualizing such patterns to help manage crowding. We analyze two years of data from a Danish ED for patterns in the patient vi...

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chronic crowding on the cardiovascular system of Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Rats were randomly divided into the control (480 cm(2) per rat) or crowded (200 cm(2) per rat) group for eight weeks. Body weight, blood pressure (BP), heart rate and plasma nitrate/nitrite levels of the crowded rats were not different from controls at the end of the ex...

This paper summarises the consequences of emergency department crowding. It provides a comparison of the scales used to measure emergency department crowding. We discuss the multiple causes of crowding and present an up-to-date literature review of the interventions that reduce the adverse consequences of crowding. We consider interventions at the level of an individual hospital and a policy le...

Matching donations without crowding out? Some theoretical considerations, a field, and a lab experiment* Is there a way of matching donations that avoids crowding out? We introduce a novel matching method where the matched amount is allocated to a different project, present some simple theoretical considerations that predict reduced crowding out or more crowding in (depending on the degree of s...