Cryogenics is the continuation of heat treatment and is the last step that completes the thermal treatment processing of metals. After ferrous steel part/s are heat-treated and tempered, the part’s grain structure can be improved by subjecting the part to a deep cryogenic temperature (–320 °F) soak. The process involves taking the parts down from room temperature to –70 °F to –100 °F using dry ...

Joule-Thomson cooling systems are used in refrigeration processes such as cryogenic gas liquefaction. Although extensive studies have been carried out by researchers, most of them include cryogenic heat exchangers and their associated fields. In the current study, an attempt was made to indicate the effect of using inappropriate operational conditions in a cryogenic Joule-Thomson cooling system...

Electrically conducting super-macroporous polymer/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composites have been fabricated with the aid of cryogenic treatment. CNTs are selectively deposited onto the inner surface of interconnected polymer walls surrounding large air-filled pores. The present concept provides highly conducting nanocomposites at a very low nanotubes content.

The components in top-fuel dragster and stock car engines undergo significantly more force than their production passenger vehicle counterparts do. Therefore, they must be manufactured and processed to withstand those forces so that they do not catastrophically fail while in service. In this project, the effects of austempering and adding a cryogenic processing step to the control quench and do...

The cryogenic system for the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is designed by Jefferson Laboratory (JLab) personnel and is based on the existing JLab facility. Our task is to use the JLab control system design [2] as much as practical while remaining consistent with SNS control system standards. Some aspects of the systems are very similar, including equipment to be controlled, the need for PID l...

Short channel MOSFET devices have been fabricated using a commercial 0.25 μm CMOS process and characterized at cryogenic temperatures for further application in hybrid superconductor-CMOS circuits. A 4 K device model has been established through modifying the room temperature CMOS model by taking into account the parameter variation of the discrete MOS devices at cryogenic temperature. We have ...

The ATLAS magnet system, comprising a superconducting central solenoid and three superconducting toroids, has been successfully ramped up for the first time to the nominal operational current of 20.4 kA on 4 th August 2008. Since then, new cryogenic operational challenges have been raised, like the smoothing of steady-state parameters, the enhancing of transient procedures to minimize thermal s...

This review examines the fundamentals and challenges in engineering/understanding the thermostability of biological systems over a wide temperature range (from the cryogenic to hyperthermic regimen). Applications of the bio-thermostability engineering to either destroy unwanted or stabilize useful biologicals for the treatment of diseases in modern medicine are first introduced. Studies on the ...

An experimental evaluation of the structural health monitoring capability of piezoelectric wafer active sensors on composite structures at cryogenic temperatures is presented. The piezoelectric wafer active sensor–based electromechanical impedance and the pitch–catch methods were first qualified for cryogenic temperatures using piezoelectric wafer active sensor–instrumented composite specimens ...