B6.T1a(a) (Qa-1(a)) mice that are primed in vivo and restimulated in vitro with Qa-1 congenic spleen cells from B6 (Qa-1(b)) animals are unable to generate anti-Qa-1(b) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). This nonresponsive pattern was observed regardless of the route of immunization or the time of testing in vitro. Although B6.T1a(a) mice are nonresponders to Qa-1(b) when presented on B6 cells, the...

1 CTL formulae We formalize basic concepts of Computational Tree Logic (CTL) [2, 1] within the simply-typed set theory of HOL. By using the common technique of “shallow embedding”, a CTL formula is identified with the corresponding set of states where it holds. Consequently, CTL operations such as negation, conjunction, disjunction simply become complement, intersection, union of sets. We only ...

Computation Tree Logic (CTL) is one of the most syntactically elegant and computationally attractive temporal logics for branching time model checking. In this paper, we observe that while CTL can be verified in time polynomial in the size of the state space times the length of the formula, there is a large set of reachability properties which cannot be expressed in CTL, but can still be verifi...

Standard synthetic peptide preparations contain numerous peptidic byproducts in small amounts, which may be efficiently recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Recognition patterns of such peptide mixtures by CTL may serve as a kind of fingerprint for CTL fine specificity. Three types of H-2Db-restricted CTL were compared in this way. CTL primed in vivo either with A/PR/8/34 influenza viru...

The objective of this research is to investigate the implementation Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) improve students’ speaking skills in aspects accuracy, clarity, fluency. This employed a quantitative method nature. A pre-experimental design with pre-test post-test was used. population all second-year students. sample one classes chosen by using purposive sampling technique. instrument ...

Although CD8(+) CTLs are presumed to be an important mediator of protective immunity in HIV-1 infection, the factors that determine CTL antiviral efficiency are poorly understood. Two factors that have been proposed to influence CTL antiviral function are antigenic avidity and epitope specificity. In this study we evaluate these by examining the activity of HIV-1-specific CTL against acutely in...

It has been hypothesized that sequence variation within CTL epitopes leading to immune escape plays a role in the progression of HIV-1 infection. Only very limited data exist that address the influence of biologic characteristics of CTL epitopes on the emergence of immune escape variants and the efficiency of suppression HIV-1 by CTL. In this report, we studied the effects of HIV-1 CTL epitope ...

In this paper, we propose and investigate a fractional diffusive model for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with capsids immune response presented by cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) cells. We derive the conditions global asymptotic stability of steady states in terms basic reproduction number R 0 1 . By constructing appropriate Lyapunov functionals, it is shown that infection-free equilibrium glo...

OBJECTIVE To identify and characterize cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) epitopes for HIV-1 clade E using eight known HLA-A*1101-restricted HIV-1 clade B epitopes. METHODS Induction of clade E-specific CTL was examined by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from clade E-infected Thai individuals with the clade E-specific peptide corresponding to the clade B epitopes. Cross-clade and cl...

Improved understanding of the dynamics of host immune responses and viral evolution is critical for effective HIV-1 vaccine design. We comprehensively analyzed Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-viral epitope dynamics in an antiretroviral therapy-naïve subject over the first four years of HIV-1 infection. We found that CTL responses developed sequentially and required constant antigenic stimulation f...