This paper uses published work to demonstrate the link between surface moisture and heat fluxes and cumulus convective rainfall. The Earth’s surface role with respect to the surface energy and moisture budgets is examined. Changes in land-surface properties are shown to influence the heat and moisture fluxes within the planetary boundary layer, convective available potential energy, and other m...

PURPOSE This study examined whether heat strain during low states of chemical and biological protection (CB(low)) impacted tolerance time (TT) after transition to a high state of protection (CB(high)) and whether vents in the uniform reduced heat strain during CB(low) and increased TT. METHODS There were eight men who walked at 35 degrees C in CB(low), and then transitioned to CB(high). Subje...

As a significant part of municipal solid waste (MSW), waste cardboard (CB) is a sustainable, inexpensive, and rich source of cellulose. Previous studies of polyolefin/CB composites have reported modest enhancement to major reduction in modulus and major reduction in elongation at break values relative to neat polymer. Here, green hybrids of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP)...

Narrow Bipolar Events (NBEs) are powerful radio emissions from thunderstorms, which have been recently associated with blue optical flashes on cloud tops and attributed to extensive streamer electrical discharges named fast breakdown. Combining data obtained a thunderstorm over South China by the space-based Atmosphere Space Interactions Monitor, Vaisala GLD360 global lightning network very low...

The probabilistic distribution of the thunderstorm phenomenon during the pre-monsoon season (1 March to 18 June) over Pune, a tropical Indian station, has been examined with the help of Markov chain models using daily thunderstorm data for a period of 11 years (1970–80). The data have also been tested using Akaike’s information criterion. This test has clearly indicated that the first-order Mar...

> When lightning flies across a starlit sky, > > I often meditate thine artful form > And see that very ramify > Like lustrous roots—an oaken thunderstorm.

Abstract Advances in global lightning detection have provided novel ways to characterize explosive volcanism. However, researchers are still at the early stages of understanding how volcanic plumes become electrified on different spatial and temporal scales. We deconstructed phreatomagmatic eruption Taal volcano (Philippines) 12 January 2020 investigate origin its powerful thunderstorm. Satelli...

In the present study, we have used the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to simulate the features associated with a severe thunderstorm observed over Gadanki (13.5 N, 79.2 E), over southeast India, on 21 May 2008 and examined its sensitivity to four different microphysical (MP) schemes (Thompson, Lin, WSM6 and Morrison). We have used the WRF model with three nested domains with the i...

In this study, long-term (10 years) radiosonde-based cloud data are compared with the ground-based active remote sensing product under six prevailing large-scale synoptic patterns, i.e., cyclonic center (CC), weak pressure pattern (WP), the southeast bottom of cyclonic center (CB), cold front (CF), anticyclone edge (AE) and anticyclone center (AC) over the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site. The ...