about the bases of validity of “expert’s advise” existing of “tradition of learned” upen reference to “experts” has not been doubted and it has been accepted that this tradition has been confirmed with the legislator of islam. however, some of jurists have emphasized upen concluding “confidence” frome the experts advise. others have belived the expert’s advise as a kind of witness, so they thou...

among the traditions concerning the signs of wisdom, there is a tradition related from imam al-ṣādiq (a.s.) introducing the person wearing a long beard, the signet of his ring, and his nickname, as indications of his lack of wisdom. while examining the sanad and text of this tradition, the article seeks to find out the real source of this saying and the various possibilities about the source an...

Our framework combines features of two distinguished traditions in economics: a public finance tradition and a more recent tradition of business cycle theory. The public finance tradition we follow stems from Ramsey (1927), who considers the problem of choosing an optimal tax structure when only distorting taxes are available. The business cycle tradition we follow stems from Kydland and Presco...

The purpose of the chapter is to investigate how far Rae is representative of the Scottish Political Economy Tradition, where tradition is understood in terms of continuity in a shared approach, allowing for theoretical differences. While Rae conforms to most features identified with the Scottish tradition, his opposition to Smith’s methodology suggests a divergence of approach which would put ...

Positioning Catholic Studies within religious studies highlights the question of "what is a tradition?" and simultaneously allows us to do three things: elaborate a non-essentialist second order understanding of the concept of tradition appropriate to Religious Studies, study Catholicism as a tradition that has been created and maintained through first order reflection on the meaning of traditi...