there are various ways for estimating velocity of money in economic literature and each has its own specific weaknesses and strengths. particularly, since a great deal of financial innovations and changes have recently taken place affecting the velocity of money, many traditional methods can no langer calculate the equilibrium velocity of money, and they are no longer dependable from the econom...

In decentralized computing environments, systems are built mainly from components that are developed and maintained independently by different third-party providers. The executions and evolutions of components located on distributed sites are beyond the control of the system developers, and the availabilities of those components are, to some extent, unpredictable because of their own tendencies...

The aim of the article is to conceptualize, that is, explain, analyze meaning and indicate framework for interpretation concept “cryptocurrency” in social sciences, including political science. As issue an interdisciplinary, polysemic at same time novum technological novelty, cryptocurrencies are a challenge representatives world proposed heuristic model analysis based on technological, legal e...

Cryptocurrencies are a decentralized, peer–to–peer network architecture, cryptographically secured, based on trust and consensus, type of virtual currency, incompletely fulfilling some functions money. They constitute new interdisciplinary subject scientific research. In the article, author indicates potential areas empirical exploration that can be conducted by representatives social sciences....

Cryptocurrency (e.g., Ethereum and its currency Ether) presents an opportunity to completely change the way money is transacted, which perhaps even redefines money. On this basis, paper will investigate discuss basic principles corresponding applications of Ethereum. As a matter fact, operating on decentralized platform while also using global reach internet, transactions can be made with littl...

There is a trend towards networked and distributed systems, complicating the design, construction and maintenance of complex software systems without any central control instance. This paper provides a solution to the problem of modeling and adaptation of complex adaptive systems (CAS). Here an agent based model is introduced to describe complex adaptive systems in order to study self-organizat...

As the autonomous decentralized system (ADS) philosophy is meeting increasing acceptance by the system engineering community, the type and number of highly autonomous subsystems will grow rapidly. Standardization of the methods and protocols by which autonomous subsystems interconnect or interact among themselves is an important issue with respect to further enhancing the economic advantages of...

Taking advantage of lower foreign tax rates using transfer pricing and taking advantage of lower production costs using offshoring are two strategies that global companies use to increase their profitability. Evidence suggests that firms employ these strategies independently. We study how global firms can jointly leverage tax and cost differences through coordinated transfer pricing and offshor...

Large international collaborations that use decentralized computing models are becoming a custom rather than an exception in High Energy Physics. A good computing model for such big collaborations has to deal with the distribution of the experiment-specific software