We estimate the influence of defense spending and military labor use on economic growth in African and Latin American countries. Our model integrates disparate implications from the defense economics literature into a Barro-style model of economic growth that controls for political and economic institutional variation across countries. Our panel data analysis of 44 countries in Africa and Latin...

We propose a new adversarial attack to Deep Neural Networks for image classification. Different from most existing attacks that directly perturb input pixels, our focuses on perturbing abstract features, more specifically, features denote styles, including interpretable styles such as vivid colors and sharp outlines, uninterpretable ones. It induces model misclassification by injecting impercep...

The clinical data for this study were derived from the case histories of five children who consistently used the counterphobic defense either alone or in combination with phobic attitudes. The children's manifestations of this defense appeared in both verbal and nonverbal behavioral patterns. The choice of defensive style was found related to at least three factors: an early history of trauma, ...

BACKGROUND Ego defense mechanisms (or factors), defined by Freud as unconscious resources used by the ego to reduce conflict between the id and superego, are a reflection of how an individual deals with conflict and stress. This study assesses the prevalence of various ego defense mechanisms employed by medical students of Karachi, which is a group with higher stress levels than the general pop...

Different models have been developed to capture an individual’s defensive functioning, including the DSM-IV Defensive Functioning Scale (DFS). These different models are often used to distinguish between psychologically healthy individuals and individuals presenting with a mental disorder, or to demonstrate change in patients over the course of and following treatment. Yet, despite evidence tha...

Introduction: Infertility could decrease the self-esteem of the infertile couples. Using the defensive style is one way to deal with stressful events. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of self-esteem and defense mechanisms based on the cause of infertility. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 400 infertile couples referred to infertility center in Tehran, Iran. P...

The Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ) has undergone numerous revisions in an effort to improve reliability and validity. More recently, another version, the DSQ-60, was designed to be congruent with the DSM-IV. The present study examined the underlying structure of the DSQ-60 using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic procedures. The scale was administered to a group of students at...