Diabetic ketoacidosis and the hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state are the most serious complications of diabetic decompensation and remain associated with excess mortality. Insulin deficiency is the main underlying abnormality. Associated with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones, insulin deficiency can trigger hepatic glucose production and reduced glucose uptake, resulting in hyperglyce...

there is no doubt that breast-feeding is the best and safest way of feeding infants. physiological weight loss occurs in the first two or three days of life, and the achievement of birth weight is expected towards the end of the first week. hypernatremic dehydration may occur in exclusively breast-fed infants if milk supply is low during these first few days. it is not because of the high sodiu...

Acute gastroenteritis is a common and costly clinical problem in children. It is a largely self-limited disease with many etiologies. The evaluation of the child with acute gastroenteritis requires a careful history and a complete physical examination to uncover other illnesses with similar presentations. Minimal laboratory testing is generally required. Treatment is primarily supportive and is...

OBJECTIVE This article summarizes a case of ischemic colitis suffered by a triathlete during an Ironman competition. BACKGROUND Exercise results in a significant reduction in splanchnic blood flow to help maintain cardiovascular function. When dehydration and heat stress accompany exercise, blood flow to the splanchnic vasculature is further reduced, increasing the risk of local ischemia and ...

Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis promotes early diagnosis and treatment, leading to a reduction in the number of late diagnoses [1]. This is of benefit to patients but contributes to physicians being less aware of the diverse ways in which unscreened patients present. We report a 12-year-old male who presented with pneumomediastinum and hyponatraemic dehydration, in whom subsequent investi...

The treatment of gastroenteritis in children focuses on preventing dehydration. A child with minimal or no dehydration should be encouraged to continue his or her usual diet plus drink adequate fluids. Many studies have shown that a child's regular diet reduces the duration of diarrhea. Oral rehydration therapy with a rehydration solution can be used to treat diarrhea in children with mild to m...

BACKGROUND To explore the association between hydration volume and symptoms during the last 3 weeks of life in terminally ill cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a multicenter, prospective, observational study of 226 consecutive terminally ill patients with abdominal malignancies. Primary responsible physicians and nurses evaluated the severity of membranous dehydration (dehydratio...

This research focuses on deducing the kinetic mechanism for biodiesel production catalyzed by a CaO nanocatalyst derived from waste cockle shells via thermal hydration–dehydration treatment. In addition, preparation method hydration–dehydration-related parameters (hydration duration, recalcination temperature, and duration) was studied optimized. The transesterification reaction followed Langmu...

Dehydration (body water deficit) is a physiologic state that can have profound implications for human health and performance. Unfortunately, dehydration can be difficult to assess, and there is no single, universal gold standard for decisionmaking. In this article, we review the physiologic basis for understanding quantitative dehydration assessment. We highlight how phenomenologic interpretati...